📚 Database Fundamentals | 数据库基本概念
Welcome to this TutorHao revision guide on database fundamentals for CIE IGCSE Computer Science. In this article you will learn what a database is, why it is better than storing files in folders, how data is organised into tables, records and fields, and how SQL is used to search and change data.
欢迎阅读 TutorHao 为 CIE IGCSE 计算机科学准备的数据库基础知识复习指南。在本文中，你将了解什么是数据库、为什么它比把文件存放在文件夹中更好、数据如何组织为表、记录和字段，以及如何用 SQL 对数据进行查找和修改。
1. What Is a Database? | 什么是数据库？
A database is an organised collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed and updated. The data is stored in a structured way, usually in tables, so that it can be searched and processed efficiently.
数据库是一种有组织的数据集合，便于访问、管理和更新。数据以结构化方式（通常为表格）存储，以便高效地查找和处理。
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. Common examples of DBMS software are MySQL, Oracle and Microsoft Access. The DBMS acts as an interface between the database and its users.
数据库管理系统（DBMS）是让用户能够定义、创建、维护并控制数据库访问的软件。常见的 DBMS 软件包括 MySQL、Oracle 和 Microsoft Access。DBMS 充当数据库与用户之间的接口。
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Data definition: creating and changing tables and their structure.
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数据定义：创建和修改表及其结构。
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Data manipulation: inserting, updating, deleting and searching data.
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数据操作：插入、更新、删除和查找数据。
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Data security: controlling who can read or change data.
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数据安全：控制谁可以读取或修改数据。
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Data recovery: restoring data after failure or corruption.
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数据恢复：在故障或损坏后恢复数据。
2. Data, Information and Knowledge | 数据、信息与知识
Data is raw, unprocessed facts without context. For example, the number 75 on its own does not tell us anything.
数据是未经处理的原始事实，不包含上下文。例如：数字 75 单独出现时不表示任何含义。
Information is data that has been processed and given meaning. For example, “A student scored 75 marks in the Computer Science test” is information.
信息是经过处理并赋予意义的数据。例如：”一位学生在计算机科学测验中取得 75 分” 就是信息。
Knowledge uses information together with experience and context to make decisions. For example, a teacher who knows that 75 is an excellent score can decide to praise the student.
知识则将信息与经验和情境结合用于决策。例如：教师知道 75 分是优秀成绩，便会决定表扬该学生。
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Data: raw symbols and unprocessed records.
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数据：原始符号和未经处理的记录。
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Information: data after processing, giving meaning.
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信息：处理后的数据，具有含义。
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Knowledge: information applied with understanding.
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知识：结合理解应用的信息。
3. Advantages of Databases | 数据库的优势
Compared with storing data in separate files, a database offers several important advantages for IGCSE CS.
与将数据存放在分散文件中相比，数据库具备多个重要优势（针对 IGCSE 计算机科学）。
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