DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Central Dogma | DNA、RNA与蛋白质合成的关系

📚 DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Central Dogma | DNA、RNA与蛋白质合成的关系

The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows in one direction: from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is the stable repository of genetic information, while RNA acts as the transient messenger and adapter that converts the genetic code into functional proteins. This article explores the intimate relationship between DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, which is a core topic in CIE A-Level Biology.

分子生物学的中心法则指出，遗传信息沿单方向流动：从 DNA 到 RNA，再到蛋白质。DNA 是遗传信息的稳定储存库，而 RNA 则充当瞬时信使和适配器，将遗传密码转化为功能性蛋白质。本文探讨 DNA、RNA 与蛋白质合成之间密切的关系，这是 CIE A-Level 生物学的核心主题。

1. DNA: The Master Blueprint | DNA：总蓝图

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) or guanine (G). Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A with T, C with G) stabilise the double helix.

DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是由核苷酸组成的双螺旋。每个核苷酸包含一个脱氧核糖、一个磷酸基和四种含氮碱基之一：腺嘌呤（A）、胸腺嘧啶（T）、胞嘧啶（C）或鸟嘌呤（G）。互补碱基（A 与 T，C 与 G）之间的氢键稳定了双螺旋结构。

A gene is a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide or a functional RNA. The order of bases along the DNA template strand determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Thus, DNA holds the instructions for

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