📚 A-Level WJEC Physics: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | A-Level WJEC 物理：期末复习提纲
As the end of term approaches, consolidating your knowledge across the entire WJEC A-Level Physics specification is crucial. This revision checklist breaks down the core topics into manageable sections, ensuring you cover key concepts, equations, and exam skills.
随着期末考试临近，系统梳理 WJEC A-Level 物理全部知识点至关重要。这份复习提纲将核心主题拆分为易于掌握的模块，确保你覆盖关键概念、方程和考试技巧。
1. Mechanics and Motion | 力学与运动
Revise the five SUVAT equations for uniformly accelerated motion and practise applying them to problems in one and two dimensions, including projectile motion.
复习五个匀加速直线运动的运动学方程，并练习在直线运动与二维抛体运动中应用它们。
Ensure you can resolve vectors into perpendicular components and recombine them using trigonometry, especially for forces acting at an angle.
确保你能用三角函数将矢量分解为正交分量并重新合成，尤其是针对成角度的力。
Be confident in drawing free-body diagrams showing weight, normal reaction, tension, friction and applied forces, and then applying Newton’s second law, F = ma.
熟练绘制受力分析图，标出重力、支持力、张力、摩擦力和外力，然后应用牛顿第二定律 F = ma。
Review conservation of momentum in collisions and explosions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic events; recall kinetic energy checks for elasticity.
回顾碰撞与爆炸中的动量守恒，区分弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞；记住通过动能判断弹性。
v = u + at s = ut + ½at² v² = u² + 2as
2. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Understand work done as the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force (W = Fd cos θ), and its link to energy transfer.
理解功是力与沿力方向的位移的乘积（W = Fd cos θ），及其与能量转移的联系。
Be able to derive and use kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv² and gravitational potential energy Eₚ = mgh; know that these are scalar quantities measured in joules.
能够推导并使用动能 Eₖ = ½mv² 和重力势能 Eₚ = mgh；知道这些都是标量，单位为焦耳。
Apply the principle of conservation of energy to systems involving transfers between kinetic, potential, thermal and elastic strain energy.
将能量守恒原理应用于涉及动能、势能、热能和弹性应变能之间相互转换的系统。
Calculate power as the rate of doing work (P = W/t) or the product of force and velocity (P = Fv) for vehicles overcoming resistive forces.
计算功率作为做功的速率（P = W/t）或力与速度的乘积（P = Fv），处理车辆克服阻力的问题。
Define efficiency as useful energy output over total energy input, and recall that no device can exceed 100% efficiency due to dissipative forces.
定义效率为有用能量输出与总能量输入的比值，并记住由于耗散力，任何装置都不能超过 100% 的效率。
3. Waves and Optics | 波与光学
Describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves, giving examples such as sound and electromagnetic waves, and define amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period.
描述纵波与横波的区别，举出声波与电磁波的例子，并定义振幅、波长、频率和周期。
Use the wave equation v = fλ, and apply it to refraction, diffraction and superposition problems.
运用波动方程 v = fλ，并将其用于折射、衍射和叠加问题。
Explain the principles of superposition, constructive and destructive interference, and the conditions needed for stable interference patterns in double-slit and diffraction grating experiments.
解释叠加原理、相长干涉与相消干涉，以及双缝和衍射光栅实验产生稳定干涉图样的条件。
Derive and use d sin θ = nλ for a transmission diffraction grating, and understand how it produces spectra.
推导并使用透射式衍射光栅公式 d sin θ = nλ，理解它如何产生光谱。
Review the concept of refractive index n = c/v and Snell’s law n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂; include total internal reflection and critical angle calculation.
回顾折射率 n = c/v 和斯涅尔定律 n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂ 的概念；包括全内反射和临界角的计算。
Understand how lenses form real and virtual images using the thin lens equation 1/f = 1/u + 1/v, and apply it to simple optical instruments.
理解透镜如何通过薄透镜方程 1/f = 1/u + 1/v 形成实像与虚像，并应用于简单光学仪器。
4. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Define electric current as rate of flow of charge I = ΔQ/Δt, potential difference as energy per unit charge V = W/Q, and resistance R = V/I.
定义电流为电荷流动的速率 I = ΔQ/Δt，电势差为单位电荷的能量 V = W/Q，以及电阻 R = V/I。
Recall Ohm’s law as a special case for ohmic conductors at constant temperature, and sketch I–V characteristics for resistors, filament lamps and diodes.
记住欧姆定律是欧姆导体在恒温下的特例，并能画出电阻器、白炽灯和二极管的 I–V 特性曲线。
Combine resistors in series (Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + …) and parallel (1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …) correctly, and calculate internal resistance and emf using ε = I(R + r).
正确计算电阻串联（Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + …）与并联（1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …），并用 ε = I(R + r) 计算内阻和电动势。
Analyse potential divider circuits, including the use of thermistors and LDRs in sensing applications, and understand the role of a potentiometer to compare emfs.
分析分压电路，包括热敏电阻和光敏电阻在传感中的应用，并理解电位计比较电动势的作用。
Use Kirchhoff’s first law (conservation of charge at a junction) and second law (conservation of energy around a loop) to solve multi-loop circuits.
运用基尔霍夫第一定律（节点处电荷守恒）和第二定律（回路中能量守恒）求解多回路电路。
5. Thermal Physics and Gases | 热物理与气体
Understand the difference between temperature and heat, and describe the Celsius and Kelvin absolute temperature scales; T(K) = θ(°C) + 273.15.
理解温度与热量的区别，描述摄氏温标和开尔文绝对温标；T(K) = θ(°C) + 273.15。
Explain specific heat capacity Q = mcΔθ and specific latent heat Q = mL, and apply energy conservation to heating and cooling mixtures.
解释比热容 Q = mcΔθ 和比潜热 Q = mL，并在加热与冷却混合物时应用能量守恒。
Recall the kinetic theory model for an ideal gas: point molecules, elastic collisions, no intermolecular forces, and derive pV = ⅓Nmc²‾.
回忆理想气体的动力学理论模型：质点分子、弹性碰撞、无分子间作用力，并推导 pV = ⅓Nmc²‾。
Use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT and the combined gas law p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂ for a fixed mass of gas; always use kelvin.
使用理想气体状态方程 pV = nRT 和一定量气体的联合气体定律 p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂；始终使用开尔文温度。
Describe how absolute zero can be estimated from extrapolation of pressure–temperature or volume–temperature graphs.
描述如何通过压强–温度或体积–温度图的趋势外推来估算绝对零度。
6. Gravitational and Electric Fields | 引力场与电场
Define gravitational field strength g = F/m and use the point mass formula g = GM/r²; understand that g is a vector directed towards the centre of mass.
定义引力场强度 g = F/m，并使用点质量公式 g = GM/r²；理解 g 是指向质心的矢量。
Calculate gravitational potential V = –GM/r and use equipotential surfaces to visualise field patterns; recall potential energy Eₚ = V m.
计算引力势 V = –GM/r，并利用等势面可视化场分布；记住引力势能 Eₚ = V m。
Apply Newton’s law of gravitation F = GMm/r² to satellite motion, derive Kepler’s third law T² ∝ r³ for circular orbits, and recognise geostationary orbits.
将牛顿万有引力定律 F = GMm/r² 应用于卫星运动，推导出圆轨道的开普勒第三定律 T² ∝ r³，并认识地球同步轨道。
Define electric field strength E = F/q and for a point charge E = kQ/r², where k = 1/(4πε₀); compare with gravitational field analogies.
定义电场强度 E = F/q 以及点电荷公式 E = kQ/r²，其中 k = 1/(4πε₀)；与引力场进行类比。
Explain electric potential V = kQ/r and the relationship ΔU = qΔV for a charge moving between two points; sketch equipotential and field lines for uniform and radial fields.
解释电势 V = kQ/r 以及电荷两点间移动时 ΔU = qΔV 的关系；画出匀强电场和辐射状电场的等势线与电场线。
7. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Know that a magnetic field exerts a force on a moving charge, F = BQv sin θ, and on a current-carrying wire, F = BIL sin θ, with direction given by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
知道磁场对运动电荷的作用力 F = BQv sin θ，以及对载流导线的作用力 F = BIL sin θ，方向由弗莱明左手定则给出。
Analyse the motion of charged particles in uniform magnetic fields, including circular paths with radius r = mv/(BQ) and applications in cyclotrons and mass spectrometers.
分析带电粒子在匀强磁场中的运动，包括半径 r = mv/(BQ) 的圆周运动，以及在回旋加速器和质谱仪中的应用。
State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (ε ∝ rate of change of flux linkage) and Lenz’s law for the direction of induced emf, combining to give ε = –N ΔΦ/Δt.
陈述法拉第电磁感应定律（ε 正比于磁链变化率）和楞次定律（决定感应电动势方向），合并为 ε = –N ΔΦ/Δt。
Derive the emf induced in a conductor moving perpendicularly through a field, ε = BLv, and explain the operation of a simple alternator and a transformer.
推导导体在磁场中垂直运动产生的感应电动势 ε = BLv，并解释简易交流发电机和变压器的工作原理。
Recall that for an ideal transformer, Vₛ/Vₚ = Nₛ/Nₚ and, assuming 100% efficiency, IₚVₚ = IₛVₛ; discuss eddy current losses and laminated cores.
记住理想变压器 Vₛ/Vₚ = Nₛ/Nₚ，并假设效率 100% 时 IₚVₚ = IₛVₛ；讨论涡流损耗和叠片铁芯。
8. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | 核物理与放射性
Describe the nuclear model: a dense positive nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbital electrons; recall nucleon number A, proton number Z.
描述核模型：致密带正电的原子核包含质子和中子，周围有电子绕行；记住核子数 A 和质子数 Z。
Explain the nature of alpha, beta and gamma radiation in terms of ionising ability, range, and behaviour in electric and magnetic fields.
从电离能力、穿透距离以及在电场和磁场中的行为等方面解释 α、β 和 γ 射线的性质。
Write nuclear equations for alpha decay, beta-minus decay, and beta-plus decay, ensuring conservation of A and Z; use the neutrino in beta decay.
写出 α 衰变、β⁻ 衰变和 β⁺ 衰变的核方程，确保 A 和 Z 守恒；在 β 衰变中引入中微子。
Define activity (A = λN), decay constant λ, and half-life T₁/₂ = ln 2/λ; apply exponential decay N = N₀ e⁻λt to solve problems involving carbon dating and medical tracers.
定义放射性活度（A = λN）、衰变常量 λ 和半衰期 T₁/₂ = ln 2/λ；应用指数衰变规律 N = N₀ e⁻λt 解决碳-14 测年和医用示踪问题。
Understand mass–energy equivalence E = mc², binding energy per nucleon, and the conditions for nuclear fusion and fission, including typical reaction equations.
理解质能方程 E = mc²、比结合能，以及核聚变与核裂变的条件，包括典型的反应方程。
9. Oscillations and Simple Harmonic Motion | 振动与简谐运动
Recall the defining condition for SHM: acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium and directed towards it; a = –ω²x.
回忆简谐运动的定义条件：加速度与位移成正比且始终指向平衡位置；a = –ω²x。
Derive the solutions x = A cos(ωt) or x = A sin(ωt) and use them to find velocity v = ±ω√(A² – x²) and acceleration; link ω = 2πf = 2π/T.
推导解 x = A cos(ωt) 或 x = A sin(ωt)，并用它们求出速度 v = ±ω√(A² – x²) 和加速度；关联 ω = 2πf = 2π/T。
Describe energy changes in SHM: kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mω²(A² – x²), potential energy Eₚ = ½mω²x², and total energy E = ½mω²A².
描述简谐运动中的能量变化：动能 Eₖ = ½mω²(A² – x²)，势能 Eₚ = ½mω²x²，总能量 E = ½mω²A²。
Give examples of SHM, including mass-spring system (T = 2π√(m/k)) and simple pendulum (T = 2π√(l/g)), and discuss their assumptions.
举出简谐运动的实例，包括弹簧振子（T = 2π√(m/k)）和单摆（T = 2π√(l/g)），并讨论它们的理想化假设。
Understand free and forced oscillations, resonance, and the effect of damping; sketch amplitude-frequency curves for light, heavy and critical damping.
理解自由振动、受迫振动、共振以及阻尼的影响；画出轻阻尼、重阻尼和临界阻尼的振幅–频率曲线。
10. Practical Skills and Data Handling | 实验技能与数据处理
Recall standard laboratory apparatus (micrometer, vernier caliper, oscilloscope, data-logger) and be able to read scales with appropriate precision, including parallax avoidance.
复习标准实验仪器（千分尺、游标卡尺、示波器、数据记录仪），并能以合适的精度读取刻度，包括避免视差。
Understand the difference between random and systematic errors, and methods to reduce each; use repeated readings to identify outliers and calculate a mean.
理解随机误差与系统误差的区别以及减少各自的方法；用多次读数识别异常值并计算平均值。
State the uncertainty of a measurement as ± half the smallest scale division (or instrument limit), and propagate uncertainties when adding, multiplying or raising to a power.
说明测量的不确定度为 ± 最小刻度的一半（或仪器极限），并在加减、乘除和乘方运算中传递不确定度。
Plot graphs with error bars, draw lines of best fit and worst acceptable fit to determine uncertainty in gradient and intercept; recognise linearisation of non-linear relationships.
绘制带误差棒的图表，画出最佳拟合线和最差可接受拟合线以确定斜率和截距的不确定度；认识非线性关系的线性化。
Interpret the gradient and intercept of a straight line graph in terms of physical quantities, e.g. graph of v² against s gives 2a, or T² against l gives 4π²/g.
从物理量的角度解释直线的斜率和截距，例如 v²–s 图得到 2a，T²–l 图得到 4π²/g。
Apply the concept of percentage difference between experimental and accepted values to evaluate the accuracy of a result, and discuss possible improvements in method.
运用实验值与公认值之间的百分比差异来评估结果的准确性，并讨论实验方法可能的改进。
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