📚 IGCSE AQA Science: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IGCSE AQA 科学：期末复习提纲
This end-of-term revision guide for IGCSE AQA Science brings together the most important concepts, skills, and exam strategies you need to succeed. Whether you are studying Combined Science: Trilogy or the separate sciences, the core ideas remain the same. Use this article to structure your revision, identify gaps, and build confidence before your assessment.
这份 IGCSE AQA 科学期末复习指南汇集了考试成功所需的最重要概念、技能与应试策略。无论你学习的是 Combined Science: Trilogy 还是单独的科学科目，核心思想是一致的。用这篇文章来规划你的复习、找出薄弱环节，并在评估前建立信心。
1. Effective Revision Strategies | 高效复习策略
Start by making a revision timetable that covers all three sciences, allocating more time to topics you find challenging. Active recall – testing yourself without looking at notes – is far more effective than simply re‑reading. Practise with past papers under timed conditions and use the mark schemes to understand what examiners expect.
首先制定一份涵盖三门科学的复习时间表，为觉得困难的主题多分配时间。主动回忆——不看笔记自我检测——远比单纯重读有效。在限时条件下练习历年试卷，并利用评分方案了解考官的期望。
Create flashcards for key definitions, equations, and diagrams. Use mind maps to connect ideas across topics. After each revision session, summarise what you have learned in your own words – this helps move information into long‑term memory.
为关键定义、方程式和图解制作闪卡。使用思维导图将不同主题的概念联系起来。每次复习后，用自己的话总结所学内容——这有助于将信息转化为长期记忆。
2. Biology: Cell Biology and Organisation | 生物学：细胞生物学与组织结构
Understand the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, with a nucleus containing genetic material, while bacterial cells are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus. Know the functions of organelles: mitochondria for respiration, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis in plant cells.
理解真核细胞与原核细胞的区别。动植物细胞为真核细胞，具有含遗传物质的细胞核；细菌细胞为原核细胞，没有细胞核。了解各细胞器的功能：线粒体进行呼吸作用，核糖体合成蛋白质，植物细胞的叶绿体进行光合作用。
Be able to calculate magnification using the formula:
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
. For organisation, learn the hierarchy: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems. The digestive system breaks down food using enzymes; be familiar with the lock‑and‑key model for enzyme specificity.
能够用公式计算放大倍数：
放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小
。在组织结构中，学习层级：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统。消化系统利用酶分解食物；要熟悉酶特异性的锁钥模型。
3. Biology: Infection, Bioenergetics and Homeostasis | 生物学：感染、生物能量学与稳态
Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists. The immune system responds by producing antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of the pathogen to stimulate antibody production, creating memory cells. Know examples: measles (virus), salmonella (bacteria), and malaria (protist).
病原体包括病毒、细菌、真菌和原生生物。免疫系统通过产生抗体和抗毒素作出响应。疫苗接种引入无害的病原体形式以刺激抗体产生，形成记忆细胞。记住例子：麻疹（病毒）、沙门氏菌（细菌）和疟疾（原生生物）。
Photosynthesis equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
. The rate is affected by light intensity, CO₂ concentration, and temperature. Aerobic respiration releases energy:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
. Anaerobic respiration in humans produces lactic acid.
光合作用方程式：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
。其速率受光照强度、CO₂ 浓度和温度影响。有氧呼吸释放能量：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
。人体无氧呼吸产生乳酸。
Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment. The nervous system uses electrical impulses along neurones; the endocrine system uses hormones in the blood. Insulin lowers blood glucose by converting it to glycogen in the liver.
稳态维持恒定的内环境。神经系统沿神经传递电信号；内分泌系统通过血液传递激素。胰岛素通过将葡萄糖在肝脏中转化为糖原来降低血糖。
4. Biology: Inheritance, Variation and Evolution | 生物学：遗传、变异与进化
DNA is a polymer made of two strands forming a double helix. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Genetic diagrams (Punnett squares) predict the probability of offspring genotypes. Be able to interpret family trees and use terms: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive.
DNA 是由两条链组成的双螺旋聚合物。基因是编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。遗传图解（旁氏表）可预测子代基因型的概率。要会解读家族系谱图，并运用术语：纯合子、杂合子、显性、隐性。
Variation can be genetic, environmental, or a combination. Mutations create new alleles. Natural selection acts on variation: organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce, passing those alleles to offspring. Understand antibiotic resistance as an example.
变异可以是遗传的、环境的或两者的结合。突变产生新的等位基因。自然选择作用于变异：具有优势性状的生物存活并繁殖，将这些等位基因传递给后代。理解抗生素耐药性作为一个例子。
5. Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding | 化学：原子结构与化学键
The atom consists of protons (charge +1, mass 1), neutrons (0, 1), and electrons (–1, negligible). Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Electron configuration fills shells: 2,8,8 for the first 20 elements.
原子由质子（电荷 +1，质量 1）、中子（0，1）和电子（–1，质量忽略）组成。原子序数 = 质子数；质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素具有相同的原子序数但不同的质量数。电子排布填充电子层：前 20 个元素为 2,8,8。
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non‑metals, transferring electrons to form ions. Covalent bonding shares electrons between non‑metals, forming molecules or giant covalent structures (diamond, graphite, SiO₂). Metallic bonding involves a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons – this explains conductivity and malleability.
离子键发生在金属与非金属之间，通过电子转移形成离子。共价键在非金属之间共享电子，形成分子或巨型共价结构（金刚石、石墨、SiO₂）。金属键涉及正离子在离域电子海中的晶格——这解释了导电性和延展性。
6. Chemistry: Quantitative Chemistry and Energy Changes | 化学：定量化学与能量变化
Relative formula mass (Mᵣ) is the sum of relative atomic masses. The mole is the unit for amount of substance; 1 mole = 6.02 × 10²³ particles. Use the formula triangle:
Moles = Mass (g) ÷ Mᵣ
. Be able to calculate reacting masses and limiting reactants.
相对式量（Mᵣ）是相对原子质量之和。摩尔是物质的量的单位；1 摩尔 = 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子。使用公式三角：
摩尔数 = 质量 (g) ÷ Mᵣ
。要会计算反应质量和限量反应物。
Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings (e.g., combustion, neutralisation); endothermic reactions absorb energy (e.g., thermal decomposition). Energy profiles show activation energy and ΔH. Bond breaking is endothermic; bond making is exothermic.
放热反应向环境释放能量（如燃烧、中和反应）；吸热反应吸收能量（如热分解）。能量变化图显示活化能和 ΔH。断键吸热，成键放热。
7. Chemistry: Chemical Changes and Rates of Reaction | 化学：化学变化与反应速率
Reactivity series: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, hydrogen, copper. More reactive metals displace less reactive ones from solutions. Redox reactions involve reduction (gain of electrons) and oxidation (loss of electrons) – OIL RIG.
金属活动性顺序：钾、钠、锂、钙、镁、铝、碳、锌、铁、氢、铜。较活泼的金属能从溶液中置换出较不活泼的金属。氧化还原反应涉及还原（得电子）和氧化（失电子）——OIL RIG。
Electrolysis splits ionic compounds using electricity. At the cathode, positive ions gain electrons (reduction); at the anode, negative ions lose electrons (oxidation). Rate of reaction depends on temperature, concentration/pressure, surface area, and catalysts. Measure rate by volume of gas produced or change in mass over time.
电解利用电流分解离子化合物。在阴极，阳离子得电子（还原）；在阳极，阴离子失电子（氧化）。反应速率取决于温度、浓度/压强、表面积和催化剂。通过测量生成气体体积或质量随时间的变化来测定速率。
8. Physics: Energy and Electricity | 物理：能量与电学
Energy stores: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, thermal, chemical, nuclear, magnetic, electrostatic. Energy can be transferred by heating, mechanical work, electrical work, or radiation. The principle of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
能量储存形式：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能、磁能、静电。能量可通过加热、做机械功、电功或辐射进行转移。能量守恒定律：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能转移。
Electrical current is the flow of charge. Q = I × t. Potential difference (V) = energy transferred per unit charge. Resistance (Ω) = V ÷ I. For series circuits: current same everywhere, voltage shared; parallel circuits: current splits, voltage same across branches. Know IV characteristics for resistors, filament lamps, and diodes.
电流是电荷的流动。Q = I × t。电势差（V）= 每单位电荷转移的能量。电阻（Ω）= V ÷ I。串联电路：电流处处相等，电压分配；并联电路：电流分流，各支路电压相同。掌握电阻器、白炽灯和二极管的 I‑V 特性曲线。
9. Physics: Particle Model and Atomic Structure | 物理：粒子模型与原子结构（物理视角）
The particle model describes solids (fixed, vibrating), liquids (close but moving), and gases (far apart, fast moving). Density = mass / volume. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of particles. Changes of state require energy transfer without changing temperature (latent heat).
粒子模型描述固体（位置固定、振动）、液体（靠近但移动）和气体（距离远、快速运动）。密度 = 质量 / 体积。内能是粒子动能和势能的总和。状态变化需要能量转移而不改变温度（潜热）。
From radioactivity: atoms can be unstable and emit alpha (α), beta (β), or gamma (γ) radiation. Alpha is highly ionising but stopped by paper; beta stopped by aluminium; gamma requires lead or concrete. Half‑life is the time for half of the radioactive nuclei to decay. Background radiation comes from natural and artificial sources.
放射性方面：原子可能不稳定，发射 α、β 或 γ 辐射。α 电离能力最强但能被纸阻挡；β 被铝阻挡；γ 需要铅或混凝土。半衰期是半数放射性原子核衰变所需的时间。背景辐射来自天然和人工源。
10. Physics: Forces and Waves | 物理：力与波
Forces are vectors (magnitude and direction). Resultant force causes acceleration: F = m × a. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g = 9.8 N/kg on Earth). Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved (m) in the direction of the force. Elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant × extension².
力是矢量（有大小和方向）。合力产生加速度：F = m × a。重力 = 质量 × 引力场强度（地球上 g = 9.8 N/kg）。功（J）= 力（N）× 在力的方向上移动的距离（m）。弹性势能 = 0.5 × 弹性常数 × 伸长量²。
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (light, water) oscillate perpendicular to direction of travel; longitudinal (sound) oscillate parallel. Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = fλ). The electromagnetic spectrum: radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X‑rays, gamma rays – use in communication, cooking, medicine.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（光、水波）振动方向与传播方向垂直；纵波（声音）振动方向与传播方向平行。波速 = 频率 × 波长（v = fλ）。电磁波谱：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、γ 射线——应用于通信、烹饪、医疗等。
11. Required Practicals and Key Skills | 必做实验与关键技能
You must be able to recall the methods and outcomes of core practicals: investigating osmosis (potato cylinders), food tests, electrolysis of aqueous solutions, rates of reaction (Mg and HCl), specific heat capacity, and I‑V characteristics. For each practical, know the independent, dependent, and control variables, and how to plot suitable graphs.
你必须能回忆起核心实验的方法与结果：渗透作用调查（土豆条）、食物检验、水溶液电解、反应速率（镁与盐酸）、比热容以及 I‑V 特性。对每个实验，清楚自变量、因变量和控制变量，并知道如何绘制合适的图表。
Learn to draw line graphs with labelled axes, correct scales, and points plotted accurately. Be able to describe patterns (directly proportional, linear, curved) and evaluate the reliability of data. Spot anomalies and understand sources of error, including systematic and random errors.
学会绘制折线图，要有标记轴、正确标度和准确描点。能描述模式（正比、线性、曲线），并评估数据的可靠性。识别异常值，并理解误差来源，包括系统误差和随机误差。
12. Common Command Words and Exam Technique | 常见指令词与考试技巧
Exam questions use command words that tell you exactly what to do: State – give a short answer; Describe – say what you see or what happens; Explain – give reasons using scientific concepts; Calculate – show your working and give units; Evaluate – discuss strengths, weaknesses, and form a judgement.
考题使用指令词，精确告诉你该怎么做：State（陈述）—给出简短回答；Describe（描述）—说出你看到的或发生的事情；Explain（解释）—用科学概念说明理由；Calculate（计算）—展示过程并给出单位；Evaluate（评价）—讨论优点、缺点并形成判断。
Read questions carefully, underlining key terms. For 6‑mark extended responses, structure your answer logically and include specific scientific vocabulary. Time management is critical: allocate about 1 minute per mark. Leave time to check calculations and units.
仔细读题，划出关键词。对于 6 分扩展回答，逻辑清晰地组织答案，并使用专业的科学词汇。时间管理至关重要：大约每题 1 分钟/分。留出时间检查计算和单位。
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