📚 A-Level OCR Physics: Ultimate Revision Checklist | A-Level OCR 物理：期末复习提纲
This comprehensive revision checklist covers every major topic required for A-Level OCR Physics, from foundations and mechanics to medical imaging. Use it to track your progress, memorise key formulas, and sharpen your problem-solving skills ahead of the final examination.
这份全面的复习提纲涵盖了 A-Level OCR 物理的每个重要主题，从基础、力学到医学成像。用它来追踪你的学习进度、熟记关键公式，并在期末考试前提升你的解题能力。
1. Foundations of Physics: Units, Scalars & Vectors | 物理基础：单位、标量与矢量
Every measurement in physics relies on SI base units and their derived forms. Scalars have magnitude only, while vectors possess both magnitude and direction. Mastering unit conversions, prefixes, and vector resolution is essential for tackling problems across all modules.
物理学中的每一次测量都依赖于国际单位制（SI）基本单位及其导出形式。标量只有大小，而矢量既有大小又有方向。掌握单位换算、词头以及矢量分解对于解决各模块的问题至关重要。
SI Base Units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol). All other units, such as the newton (N = kg m s−2), are derived from these.
SI 基本单位：千克（kg）、米（m）、秒（s）、安培（A）、开尔文（K）、摩尔（mol）。所有其他单位，例如牛顿（N = kg m s−2），都是由这些基本单位导出的。
Prefixes: pico (p, 10−12), nano (n, 10−9), micro (μ, 10−6), milli (m, 10−3), centi (c, 10−2), kilo (k, 103), mega (M, 106), giga (G, 109), tera (T, 1012).
词头：皮可（p, 10−12）、纳诺（n, 10−9）、微（μ, 10−6）、毫（m, 10−3）、厘（c, 10−2）、千（k, 103）、兆（M, 106）、吉咖（G, 109）、太拉（T, 1012）。
Vector addition: resolve into perpendicular components, then apply Pythagoras and trigonometry for the resultant.
矢量加法：分解为相互垂直的分量，然后使用勾股定理和三角学来求合矢量。
2. Mechanics: Motion, Forces and Energy | 力学：运动、力与能量
Mechanics forms the backbone of the OCR specification. You must be fluent with the SUVAT equations, Newton’s laws, momentum conservation, and the link between work, energy and power.
力学构成了 OCR 考试大纲的支柱。你必须熟练运用 SUVAT 方程、牛顿定律、动量守恒定律，以及功、能量和功率之间的联系。
v = u + at s = ut + ½at2 s = ½(u + v)t v2 = u2 + 2as
（匀加速直线运动方程）
Momentum p = mv; impulse = Δp = FΔt. In a closed system, total momentum is conserved.
动量 p = mv；冲量 = Δp = FΔt。在封闭系统中，总动量守恒。
Work done W = Fx cosθ. Kinetic energy K = ½mv2, gravitational potential energy ΔU = mgΔh. Power P = W/t = Fv.
功 W = Fx cosθ。动能 K = ½mv2，重力势能 ΔU = mgΔh。功率 P = W/t = Fv。
3. Materials: Stress, Strain and Young Modulus | 材料：应力、应变与杨氏模量
Understanding how materials respond to forces is tested through stress–strain graphs, the Young modulus, and elastic/plastic behaviour. Be prepared to describe experimental procedures and interpret force–extension curves.
通过应力–应变图、杨氏模量以及弹性/塑性行为来考查你对材料如何响应力的理解。准备好描述实验步骤并解释力–伸长曲线。
Stress σ = F/A, strain ε = ΔL/L. Young modulus E = σ/ε = (F/A) / (ΔL/L). Units: pascal (Pa) or N m−2.
应力 σ = F/A，应变 ε = ΔL/L。杨氏模量 E = σ/ε = (F/A) / (ΔL/L)。单位：帕斯卡（Pa）或 N m−2。
Elastic limit: maximum stress for which a material returns to its original shape. Beyond this, plastic deformation occurs.
弹性极限：材料能够恢复原始形状的最大应力。超过此极限，发生塑性变形。
Stress–strain graph features: Hookean region (straight line), yield point, ultimate tensile strength, breaking stress. The area under the graph equals elastic strain energy per unit volume.
应力–应变图特征：胡克区（直线段）、屈服点、极限拉伸强度、断裂应力。曲线下的面积等于每单位体积的弹性应变能。
4. Waves: Properties, Interference, Stationary Waves | 波：性质、干涉与驻波
Wave behaviour is examined through ripple tank experiments, light interference patterns, and stationary waves on strings or in pipes. Know the wave equation, superposition principle, and the conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
波的考查通过水波槽实验、光的干涉图样以及弦上或管中的驻波来进行。要掌握波动方程、叠加原理以及相长干涉和相消干涉的条件。
Wave speed v = fλ. Intensity ∝ (amplitude)2. Phase difference in radians: Δφ = 2π(Δx/λ).
波速 v = fλ。强度 ∝（振幅）2。以弧度表示的相位差：Δφ = 2π(Δx/λ)。
Young’s double slit: fringe spacing Δx = λD / a, where a is slit separation and D is screen distance. Bright fringes occur at d sinθ = nλ.
杨氏双缝：条纹间距 Δx = λD / a，其中 a 是双缝间距，D 是到屏幕的距离。亮纹出现在 d sinθ = nλ 处。
Diffraction grating: d sinθ = nλ. A larger number of lines per mm gives sharper, wider-spaced maxima.
衍射光栅：d sinθ = nλ。每毫米刻线数越多，极大值越细且间距越大。
Stationary waves: formed by superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions. Nodes (zero displacement) and antinodes (maximum displacement) are fixed in space. Fundamental frequency for a string fixed at both ends: f = (1/2L)√(T/μ).
驻波：由两列完全相同但方向相反的波叠加而成。节点（位移为零）和反节点（位移最大）在空间中固定。两端固定弦的基频：f = (1/2L)√(T/μ)。
5. Electricity: Circuits, Resistance and Internal Resistance | 电学：电路、电阻与内阻
This section tests circuit analysis, Ohm’s law, resistivity, potential dividers, and terminal potential difference of real cells. Be able to draw circuit diagrams and use Kirchhoff’s laws.
本节考查电路分析、欧姆定律、电阻率、分压器以及真实电池的端电压。要会画电路图并使用基尔霍夫定律。
Ohm’s law: V = IR (valid for ohmic conductors at constant temperature). Resistance R = ρL/A.
欧姆定律：V = IR（适用于恒温下的欧姆导体）。电阻 R = ρL/A。
Power: P = IV = I2R = V2/R. EMF ε = I(R + r), where r is internal resistance. Terminal p.d. V = ε − Ir.
功率：P = IV = I2R = V2/R。电动势 ε = I(R + r)，其中 r 是内阻。端电压 V = ε − Ir。
Potential divider: Vout = Vin × R2/(R1 + R2). Useful for sensor circuits (thermistors, LDRs).
分压器：Vout = Vin × R2/(R1 + R2)。常用于传感器电路（热敏电阻、光敏电阻）。
6. Quantum Physics: Photons, Photoelectric Effect, Spectra | 量子物理：光子、光电效应与光谱
The particle nature of light is central to quantum physics. You must explain the photoelectric effect using the photon model, interpret line spectra, and understand the concept of wave–particle duality for both light and electrons.
光的粒子性是量子物理的核心。你必须用光子模型解释光电效应，诠释线光谱，并理解光与电子的波粒二象性概念。
Photon energy E = hf = hc/λ, where h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s.
光子能量 E = hf = hc/λ，其中 h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s。
Photoelectric effect: electron emission occurs only when photon energy exceeds the work function φ. Einstein’s equation: hf = φ + Kmax (Kmax = e Vs). Threshold frequency f0 = φ/h.
光电效应：只有当光子能量超过逸出功 φ 时才会发射电子。爱因斯坦方程：hf = φ + Kmax（Kmax = e Vs）。截止频率 f0 = φ/h。
De Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p = h/(mv). Electrons can form diffraction patterns, demonstrating their wave nature.
德布罗意波长：λ = h/p = h/(mv)。电子可以形成衍射图样，证明其波动性。
Line spectra: arise from electron transitions between discrete energy levels. Emission spectrum: bright lines on a dark background. Absorption spectrum: dark lines on a continuous spectrum.
线光谱：产生于电子在离散能级之间的跃迁。发射光谱：暗背景上的亮线。吸收光谱：连续光谱上的暗线。
7. Thermal Physics: Ideal Gases, Internal Energy | 热物理：理想气体与内能
Thermal physics links the microscopic motion of particles to macroscopic quantities like pressure and temperature. You need to know the assumptions of the kinetic theory, the ideal gas equation in its various forms, and the meaning of internal energy.
热物理将粒子的微观运动与压强、温度等宏观量联系起来。你需要知道分子动理论的假设、各种形式的理想气体方程以及内能的含义。
Ideal gas laws: pV = nRT (molar form) and pV = NkT (molecular form), where k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1 and R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1.
理想气体定律：pV = nRT（摩尔形式）和 pV = NkT（分子形式），其中 k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1，R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1。
Kinetic theory: Average translational kinetic energy of a molecule = (3/2)kT. Root mean square speed crms = √(3RT/M), and pV = (1/3)Nm crms2.
分子动理论：分子的平均平动动能 = (3/2)kT。均方根速率 crms = √(3RT/M)，且 pV = (1/3)Nm crms2。
Internal energy U: sum of the random kinetic and potential energies of all particles. For an ideal gas, U depends only on temperature (ΔU ∝ ΔT).
内能 U：所有粒子无规则动能与势能的总和。对于理想气体，内能只取决于温度（ΔU ∝ ΔT）。
Specific heat capacity c = Q/(mΔθ) and specific latent heat L = Q/m. Remember that changes of state occur at constant temperature but require energy transfer.
比热容 c = Q/(mΔθ) 以及比潜热 L = Q/m。记住物态变化在恒温下进行，但需要能量传递。
8. Fields: Gravitational Fields, Electric Fields, Capacitors | 场：引力场、电场与电容器
Field theory ties together gravitational and electric phenomena. Radial fields, uniform fields, potential energy, and equipotentials are recurring themes. Capacitor energy storage and exponential discharge are also fundamental.
场理论将引力和电学现象联系在一起。径向场、匀强场、势能以及等势面是反复出现的主题。电容器储能与指数放电同样也是基础知识。
Newton’s law of gravitation: F = −GMm/r2. Gravitational field strength g = F/m = GM/r2 (radial). Gravitational potential Vg = −GM/r (zero at infinity).
牛顿万有引力定律：F = −GMm/r2。引力场强度 g = F/m = GM/r2（径向）。引力势 Vg = −GM/r（无穷远处为零）。
Coulomb’s law: F = (1/(4πε0)) Q1Q2/r2. Electric field E = F/q. In a uniform field (parallel plates) E = V/d. Electric potential Ve = (1/(4πε0)) Q/r.
库仑定律：F = (1/(4πε0)) Q1Q2/r2。电场 E = F/q。匀强电场（平行板）中 E = V/d。电势 Ve = (1/(4πε0)) Q/r。
Capacitance C = Q/V. Energy stored: W = ½QV = ½CV2 = ½Q2/C. For RC circuits, time constant τ = RC. Discharge: Q = Q0 e−t/RC (similarly V and I).
电容 C = Q/V。储存能量：W = ½QV = ½CV2 = ½Q2/C。对于 RC 电路，时间常数 τ = RC。放电过程：Q = Q0 e−t/RC（V 和 I 类似）。
9. Nuclear and Particle Physics: Radioactive Decay, Fission, Fusion | 核与粒子物理：放射性衰变、裂变与聚变
This module covers the structure of the nucleus, modes of decay, the exponential law, and the principles behind nuclear reactors. You must also be familiar with the basic particle zoo and conservation rules.
本模块涵盖原子核结构、衰变模式、指数定律以及核反应堆背后的原理。你还必须熟悉基本的粒子动物园和守恒规则。
Radioactive decay: N = N0 e−λt, activity A = λN = A0 e−λt. Half-life T½ = ln 2 / λ.
放射性衰变：N = N0 e−λt，活度 A = λN = A0 e−λt。半衰期 T½ = ln 2 / λ。
Alpha decay: nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons; β− decay: neutron → proton + electron + antineutrino; β+ decay: proton → neutron + positron + neutrino; gamma emission often accompanies these.
α 衰变：原子核失去两个质子和两个中子；β− 衰变：中子 → 质子 + 电子 + 反中微子；β+ 衰变：质子 → 中子 + 正电子 + 中微子；γ 辐射常伴随这些过程。
Fundamental particles: quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom), leptons (electron, muon, tau, and their neutrinos), and gauge bosons. Protons are uud, neutrons are udd.
基本粒子：夸克（上、下、粲、奇、顶、底）、轻子（电子、μ子、τ子及其对应的中微子），以及规范玻色子。质子由 uud 组成，中子由 udd 组成。
Nuclear energy: mass deficit Δm appears as binding energy E = Δm c2. Fission of heavy nuclei and fusion of light nuclei release energy because the binding energy per nucleon increases.
核能：质量亏损 Δm 表现为结合能 E = Δm c2。重核裂变和轻核聚变释放能量，因为每个核子的结合能增加了。
10. Medical Physics: X-rays, Ultrasound and Imaging | 医学物理：X 射线、超声与成像
Medical imaging applies many physical principles. X-ray attenuation follows an exponential law, ultrasound relies on acoustic impedance, and CAT scans provide detailed 3D images through computed tomography.
医学成像应用了许多物理原理。X 射线衰减遵循指数规律，超声依赖于声阻抗，而 CAT 扫描通过计算机断层成像提供详细的三维图像。
X-ray attenuation: I = I0 e−μx, where μ is the linear attenuation coefficient. Half-value thickness x½ = ln 2 / μ.
X 射线衰减：I = I0 e−μx，其中 μ 是线性衰减系数。半值厚度 x½ = ln 2 / μ。
Ultrasound: generated by the piezoelectric effect. Acoustic impedance Z = ρc, where ρ is density and c is speed of sound. Reflection coefficient at a boundary: R = [(Z2 − Z1)/(Z2 + Z1)]2. A coupling gel is used to minimise reflection at the skin.
超声波：由压电效应产生。声阻抗 Z = ρc，其中 ρ 是密度，c 是声速。界面处的反射系数：R = [(Z2 − Z1)/(Z2 + Z1)]2。使用耦合凝胶以尽量减少在皮肤处的反射。
CAT scans: use X-ray tubes rotating around the patient, producing thin slices that are reconstructed into a 3D image. They offer high contrast but deliver a larger radiation dose than plain radiography.
CAT 扫描：利用绕患者旋转的 X 射线管，生成薄层图像并重建成三维图像。它们提供高对比度，但辐射剂量比普通拍片更大。
11. Practical Skills: Data Analysis, Errors, Graphs | 实验技能：数据分析、误差与图表
Investigation skills are assessed throughout the written papers. You must be confident with recording data, identifying uncertainties, plotting graphs, and drawing valid conclusions from linearised relationships.
实验探究技能贯穿于笔试考查。你必须对记录数据、识别不确定度、绘制图线以及从线性化关系中得出有效结论充满信心。
Uncertainty: for a single reading, absolute uncertainty = ± half the smallest scale division. For repeated measurements, use ± half the range. Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measurement) × 100%.
不确定度：对于单次读数，绝对不确定度 = ± 最小刻度的一半。对于重复测量，使用 ± 极差的一半。百分比不确定度 =（绝对不确定度 / 测量值）× 100%。
Graphing: always label axes with quantity and unit. Draw a best-fit straight line. When calculating gradient, use a large triangle; the gradient often represents a physical constant, e.g., g from a pendulum period squared vs. length graph.
绘图：始终用物理量和单位标注坐标轴。画出最佳拟合直线。计算斜率时使用一个大三角形；斜率常代表物理常数，例如从单摆周期的平方与摆长关系图中可求得 g。
Linearisation: rearrange equations to the form y = mx + c. For example, T = 2π√(L/g) becomes T2 = (4π2/g)L, giving gradient = 4π2/g. Use error bars to estimate uncertainty in calculated quantities.
线性化：将方程变形为 y = mx + c 的形式。例如，T = 2π√(L/g) 变形为 T2 = (4π2/g)L，得到斜率 = 4π2/g。使用误差棒来估算计算量的不确定度。
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