📚 AQA Computer Science: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | AQA 计算机科学：期末复习提纲
This revision guide covers the essential topics for your AQA Computer Science end-of-term examination. Work through each section systematically, and use the bilingual explanations to reinforce both your understanding and your ability to express key concepts clearly. Focus on the definitions, common algorithms, and system architectures that form the backbone of the specification.
本复习指南涵盖了 AQA 计算机科学期末考试的核心主题。请按顺序学习各部分，利用中英双语解释加深理解，并锻炼清晰表达关键概念的能力。重点掌握构成课程基础的定义、常见算法和系统架构。
1. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
You must be confident with variables, data types (integer, real, Boolean, character, string), and assignment statements. Good programming style requires meaningful identifiers, consistent indentation, and comments that explain the logic rather than restating the code.
你必须熟练掌握变量、数据类型（整型、实型、布尔型、字符型、字符串）和赋值语句。良好的编程风格要求使用有意义的标识符、一致的缩进和解释逻辑而非重复代码的注释。
Sequence, selection (if/else, switch/case), and iteration (for, while, do-while loops) form the three building blocks of structured code. AQA questions frequently ask you to trace through programs using these constructs.
顺序、选择（if/else、switch/case）和迭代（for、while、do-while 循环）构成了结构化代码的三大基础。AQA 考题经常要求考生逐行追踪使用这些结构的程序。
Subroutines – procedures and functions – allow code reuse and modular design. Know the difference between parameters and arguments, and how local and global variables affect scope.
子程序——过程和函数——可以实现代码重用和模块化设计。要能区分参数与实参，以及局部变量和全局变量如何影响作用域。
2. Data Structures | 数据结构
One-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays are the most fundamental data structures. Be able to manipulate arrays using loops, traverse them, and perform operations such as insertion and deletion.
一维和二维数组是最基本的数据结构。要能够使用循环操作数组、遍历数组并执行插入和删除等操作。
Stacks and queues are abstract data types with specific behaviours. A stack is LIFO (last in, first out), while a queue is FIFO (first in, first out). Know how to implement them using arrays or lists, and identify real-world applications like the call stack or printer spooling.
栈和队列是具有特定行为的抽象数据类型。栈是 LIFO（后进先出），队列是 FIFO（先进先出）。要知道如何使用数组或列表实现它们，并能识别现实应用，如调用栈或打印机假脱机。
Records and lists are used to group related data. A record stores fields of different types, while a list (especially in Python) is a dynamic collection. Linked lists, binary trees, and hash tables may appear in higher-tier questions.
记录和列表用于将相关数据分组。记录存储不同类型的字段，而列表（特别是在 Python 中）是一种动态集合。链表、二叉树和哈希表可能出现在高阶题目中。
3. Algorithms | 算法
Linear search and binary search are the two main searching algorithms. Know their pseudocode and compare their efficiencies: O(n) for linear search on an unsorted list, and O(log₂ n) for binary search on a sorted list.
线性搜索和二分搜索是两种主要搜索算法。要掌握它们的伪代码并比较效率：在未排序列表中线性搜索为 O(n)，在已排序列表中二分搜索为 O(log₂ n)。
Sorting algorithms include bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort. Be able to demonstrate each step, state their time complexities (e.g. bubble sort O(n²) worst case, merge sort O(n log₂ n)), and explain which are stable or use divide-and-conquer.
排序算法包括冒泡排序、插入排序和归并排序。要能够演示每一步，说明其时间复杂度（如冒泡排序最坏情况 O(n²)，归并排序 O(n log₂ n)），并解释哪些是稳定的或使用了分治法。
Recursion is a technique where a subroutine calls itself. You should identify the base case and recursive step. Common examples include factorial calculation and tree traversal.
递归是一种子程序调用自身的技巧。你要能够识别基案和递归步骤。常见示例包括阶乘计算和树的遍历。
4. Computer Systems and Architecture | 计算机系统与体系结构
The central processing unit (CPU) contains the control unit (CU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers (program counter, accumulator, MAR, MDR). The fetch-decode-execute cycle describes how instructions are processed.
中央处理器（CPU）包含控制单元（CU）、算术逻辑单元（ALU）和寄存器（程序计数器、累加器、MAR、MDR）。取指-解码-执行周期描述了指令的处理过程。
Von Neumann architecture stores both data and instructions in the same memory, while Harvard architecture uses separate memories. Cache, clock speed, and number of cores all influence CPU performance.
冯·诺依曼架构将数据和指令存储在同一存储器中，而哈佛架构使用分开的存储器。缓存、时钟速度和核心数量都会影响 CPU 性能。
Main memory is divided into RAM and ROM. Virtual memory uses part of secondary storage to extend apparent RAM when physical memory is full.
主存储器分为 RAM 和 ROM。当物理内存满时，虚拟内存使用部分辅助存储器来扩展看似可用的 RAM。
5. Data Representation | 数据表示
All data is stored in binary. Be comfortable converting between binary, denary, and hexadecimal, and know why hex is used as a shorthand. Negative numbers can be represented using sign-and-magnitude or two’s complement.
所有数据都以二进制存储。要能熟练地在二进制、十进制和十六进制之间转换，并知道为何用十六进制作为简写。负数可以用原码或补码表示。
Character sets such as ASCII (7-bit) and Unicode (16/32-bit) encode text. An image is represented as a grid of pixels, each with a colour depth; calculate file size = resolution × colour depth. Sound is sampled and the bit rate affects quality.
字符集如 ASCII（7 位）和 Unicode（16/32 位）对文本进行编码。图像表示为像素网格，每个像素有色深；文件大小 = 分辨率 × 色深。声音被采样，比特率影响音质。
Compression can be lossless (run-length encoding, dictionary methods) or lossy (JPEG, MP3). You must evaluate the suitability of each type for different media.
压缩可分为无损压缩（行程编码、字典方法）和有损压缩（JPEG、MP3）。你必须评估不同类型对不同媒体的适用性。
6. Boolean Logic and Circuits | 布尔逻辑与电路
Logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR) are the building blocks of digital circuits. Create truth tables for simple combinations, and simplify expressions using Boolean identities or Karnaugh maps.
逻辑门（AND、OR、NOT、NAND、NOR、XOR）是数字电路的基础。为简单组合绘制真值表，并使用布尔恒等式或卡诺图简化表达式。
A half adder adds two bits and produces sum and carry; a full adder also takes an incoming carry. Flip-flops and latches form the basis of sequential logic and memory stores.
半加器将两个比特相加，产生和与进位；全加器还接收输入的进位。触发器和锁存器构成了时序逻辑和存储器的基础。
7. Systems Software | 系统软件
Operating systems manage hardware resources, provide a user interface, handle file management, and enable multitasking. Utility software performs maintenance tasks such as disk defragmentation, backup, and encryption.
操作系统管理硬件资源、提供用户界面、处理文件管理并实现多任务处理。实用软件执行维护任务，如磁盘碎片整理、备份和加密。
Translators convert high-level code into machine code. A compiler translates the whole program at once, an interpreter line by line, and an assembler converts assembly language. Understand the difference between source code, object code, and executable.
翻译程序将高级代码转换为机器码。编译器一次翻译整个程序，解释器逐行翻译，汇编器转换汇编语言。要理解源代码、目标代码和可执行文件之间的区别。
8. Networks | 网络
LANs and WANs differ in geographical scope and ownership. Network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh) affect performance, reliability, and cost. Be able to draw and compare them.
局域网和广域网在地理范围与所有权上有所不同。网络拓扑（星型、总线、环型、网状）影响性能、可靠性和成本。要能绘制并比较它们。
Protocols are sets of rules for communication. Key protocols include TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) for reliable delivery, HTTP/HTTPS for web, FTP for file transfer, SMTP/POP3/IMAP for email, and Ethernet for LANs.
协议是一组通信规则。关键协议包括用于可靠传输的 TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议）、用于网页的 HTTP/HTTPS、用于文件传输的 FTP、用于电子邮件的 SMTP/POP3/IMAP 以及用于局域网的以太网。
The OSI model and TCP/IP model both describe layered network communication. Know the four layers of TCP/IP: application, transport, internet, and network access.
OSI 模型和 TCP/IP 模型都描述了分层网络通信。要了解 TCP/IP 的四层结构：应用层、传输层、互联网层和网络接入层。
9. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Threats include malware (viruses, worms, trojans), phishing, denial-of-service attacks, and SQL injection. Social engineering exploits human psychology rather than technical weaknesses.
威胁包括恶意软件（病毒、蠕虫、木马）、网络钓鱼、拒绝服务攻击和 SQL 注入。社会工程学利用人类心理而非技术弱点进行攻击。
Preventive measures: firewalls, anti-malware software, strong passwords, multi-factor authentication, encryption, and regular patching. You should be able to recommend a layered security strategy for a given scenario.
防御措施：防火墙、反恶意软件、强密码、多因素认证、加密和定期打补丁。你应该能够针对给定场景推荐分层安全策略。
10. Databases and SQL | 数据库与 SQL
Relational databases organise data into tables with rows (records) and columns (fields). Primary keys uniquely identify each record; foreign keys create relationships between tables, reducing data redundancy.
关系数据库将数据组织成表，包含行（记录）和列（字段）。主键唯一标识每条记录；外键在表之间建立关系，减少数据冗余。
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to define and manipulate data. Practice SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, JOIN, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements. Use logical operators AND, OR, NOT to refine queries.
结构化查询语言（SQL）用于定义和操作数据。练习 SELECT、FROM、WHERE、ORDER BY、JOIN、INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 语句。使用逻辑运算符 AND、OR、NOT 优化查询。
11. Ethical, Legal, and Environmental Impacts | 伦理、法律与环境影响
Computing technologies raise ethical issues around privacy, surveillance, intellectual property, and the digital divide. Legislation such as the UK Computer Misuse Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) sets legal boundaries.
计算机技术引发了围绕隐私、监控、知识产权和数字鸿沟的伦理问题。英国《计算机滥用法》和《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）等立法划定了法律界限。
The environmental impact of computing includes energy consumption of data centres, e-waste, and the carbon footprint of manufacturing. Sustainable computing aims to reduce these through energy-efficient hardware and recycling schemes.
计算对环境的影响包括数据中心的能源消耗、电子垃圾以及制造过程中的碳足迹。可持续计算致力于通过节能硬件和回收方案来减少这些影响。
12. Computational Thinking and Exam Technique | 计算思维与考试技巧
Computational thinking involves decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm design. Apply these to unseen problems – break them into smaller parts, identify similarities to known tasks, and design step-by-step solutions.
计算思维包括分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计。将这些应用到未见过的题目中——把问题拆分成小部分，识别与已知任务的相似之处，并设计逐步解决方案。
When answering AQA exam questions, always show your working, label diagrams clearly, and use correct technical vocabulary. For pseudocode questions, follow the AQA pseudocode guide to ensure consistency.
在回答 AQA 考题时，务必写出解题步骤、清晰标注图表并使用正确的技术词汇。对于伪代码题，遵循 AQA 伪代码指南以确保一致性。
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