📚 GCSE AQA Physics: Calculation Questions Bootcamp | GCSE AQA 物理：计算题专项训练
Mastering calculations is the key to securing top marks in GCSE AQA Physics. This bootcamp guides you through every major equation you need, from speed and acceleration to specific heat capacity and momentum. Each section pairs clear English explanations with Chinese translations, highlights common pitfalls, and shows you exactly how to set out your working for full marks.
掌握计算题是在GCSE AQA物理中获取高分的关键。本次专项训练将带你逐一突破所有必考公式——从速度、加速度到比热容和动量。每一部分都提供清晰的英文解释和中文对照，指出常见陷阱，并展示规范的解题步骤，助你稳稳拿分。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离和时间
The relationship between speed, distance and time is one of the simplest but most tested equations. Average speed is given by speed = distance ÷ time, written as v = s / t. In this equation, v is speed in metres per second (m/s), s is distance in metres (m) and t is time in seconds (s).
速度、距离和时间的关系是最简单的公式之一，也是常考点。平均速度由 速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间 给出，写作 v = s / t。公式中 v 代表速度（米/秒），s 代表距离（米），t 代表时间（秒）。
v = s ÷ t
Always convert units to SI before substituting numbers. Common traps include distances in kilometres and time in minutes or hours. Convert km to m by multiplying by 1000, and hours to seconds by multiplying by 3600. For example, 54 km/h = 54 × 1000 m ÷ 3600 s = 15 m/s.
代入数据前一定要统一为国际单位。常见的陷阱有距离以千米为单位、时间以分钟或小时为单位。将千米换算为米须乘以1000，小时换算为秒须乘以3600。例如，54 km/h = 54 × 1000 m ÷ 3600 s = 15 m/s。
You must be able to rearrange the equation for distance or time. A cyclist travels 250 m in 20 s; average speed = 250 ÷ 20 = 12.5 m/s. Conversely, if a car moves at 30 m/s for 12 s, distance = 30 × 12 = 360 m.
你必须会对方程进行变形，求距离或时间。自行车手在20秒内前进250米，平均速度 = 250 ÷ 20 = 12.5 m/s。反过来，若汽车以30 m/s行驶12秒，距离 = 30 × 12 = 360 m。
2. Acceleration | 加速度
Acceleration measures how quickly velocity changes. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, often called deceleration). The formula is acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken, or a = (v − u) / t, where a is acceleration in m/s², v is final velocity (m/s), u is initial velocity (m/s) and t is time (s).
加速度衡量速度变化的快慢。加速度可以是正值（加速），也可以是负值（减速，常称为负加速度）。公式为 加速度 = 速度变化量 ÷ 所用时间，即 a = (v − u) / t，其中 a 为加速度 (m/s²)，v 为末速度 (m/s)，u 为初速度 (m/s)，t 为时间 (s)。
a = (v − u) ÷ t
Many students forget that the change in velocity is always final minus initial. If a car goes from 10 m/s to 25 m/s in 5 s, a = (25 − 10) ÷ 5 = 3 m/s². If it slows from 20 m/s to rest in 4 s, a = (0 − 20) ÷ 4 = −5 m/s² (deceleration).
很多学生忘记速度变化量永远是末速度减初速度。若汽车在5秒内从10 m/s加速到25 m/s，a = (25 − 10) ÷ 5 = 3 m/s²。若在4秒内从20 m/s减速到静止，a = (0 − 20) ÷ 4 = −5 m/s²（负加速度或减速）。
When a question gives you acceleration and asks for final velocity, rearrange to v = u + a × t. State the formula, substitute, and check your sign. Include the correct unit (m/s²) for acceleration.
当题目告诉加速度并要求末速度时，变形为 v = u + a × t。写出公式，代入数值，注意符号。加速度的单位必须用 m/s²。
3. Newton’s Second Law | 牛顿第二定律
Newton’s second law links resultant force, mass and acceleration: resultant force = mass × acceleration, or F = m × a. Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in m/s². Always use resultant force — if multiple forces act, find the net force first.
牛顿第二定律将合力、质量和加速度联系起来：合力 = 质量 × 加速度，即 F = m × a。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量单位是千克 (kg)，加速度单位是 m/s²。务必使用合力——如果多个力作用，先求出净力。
F = m × a
Most GCSE scenarios involve horizontal forces only. For a resultant force of 2000 N acting on a 500 kg car, acceleration = F ÷ m = 2000 ÷ 500 = 4 m/s². If a football of mass 0.45 kg accelerates at 10 m/s², the kick force is 0.45 × 10 = 4.5 N.
GCSE 题大多只涉及水平方向的力。若一辆500 kg的汽车受到2000 N 的合力，加速度 = F ÷ m = 2000 ÷ 500 = 4 m/s²。若一个质量为0.45 kg的足球加速10 m/s²，踢力为 0.45 × 10 = 4.5 N。
Always convert masses given in grams to kilograms (÷ 1000). A 300 g book is 0.300 kg. Newton’s second law is also tested in the context of terminal velocity, where resultant force becomes zero and acceleration stops.
质量以克给出时必须转换为千克 (÷ 1000)。300 g 的书本质量为0.300 kg。牛顿第二定律也会结合终端速度考查，那时合力为零，加速度消失。
4. Weight and Mass | 重量与质量
Weight is the gravitational force on an object and is not the same as mass. The equation is weight = mass × gravitational field strength, or W = m × g. On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg (often rounded to 10 N/kg in some questions). Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and weight in newtons (N).
重量是作用在物体上的重力，与质量不同。公式为 重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度，即 W = m × g。在地球表面，g ≈ 9.8 N/kg（部分题目可能近似取10 N/kg）。质量单位为千克 (kg)，重量单位为牛顿 (N)。
W = m × g
A person with mass 70 kg has a weight of 70 × 9.8 = 686 N (or 700 N if g = 10). The same mass on the Moon, where g ≈ 1.6 N/kg, would weigh about 112 N. Remember that weight changes with location, but mass stays constant.
一个70 kg 的人在地球上的重量为 70 × 9.8 = 686 N（若 g = 10 则为 700 N）。同样的质量在月球上，g ≈ 1.6 N/kg，重量约为112 N。记住重量随位置变化，但质量保持不变。
Always state g explicitly if you use 9.8 or 10, and make sure you convert mass to kg. A 500 g pineapple weighs 0.5 × 9.8 = 4.9 N.
使用 g 值时，务必说明用的是9.8还是10，并确认质量已换算成 kg。一个500 g 的菠萝重 0.5 × 9.8 = 4.9 N。
5. Work, Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy | 做功、动能和重力势能
Work done transfers energy when a force moves through a distance. Work done = force × distance (W = F × d), where W is in joules (J), F in newtons (N) and d in metres (m) measured in the direction of the force. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre.
当做功时，力通过一段距离会转移能量。做功 = 力 × 距离 (W = F × d)，其中 W 单位为焦耳 (J)，F 为牛顿 (N)，d 为沿力方向移动的距离 (m)。1 焦耳 = 1 牛顿·米。
W = F × d
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion: Eₖ = ½ × m × v². Mass m must be in kg and velocity v in m/s. Kinetic energy is directly proportional to v², so doubling the speed quadruples the energy.
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量：Eₖ = ½ × m × v²。质量 m 必须以 kg 为单位，速度 v 以 m/s 为单位。动能与速度的平方成正比，速度增大到两倍时，动能增大到四倍。
Eₖ = ½ × m × v²
Gravitational potential energy stored in an object lifted in a gravitational field is: Eₚ = m × g × h. Here h is the vertical height gained in metres. On Earth, g = 9.8 N/kg.
物体在重力场中被抬高时储存的重力势能为：Eₚ = m × g × h。这里 h 是提升的垂直高度 (m)。在地球上，g = 9.8 N/kg。
Eₚ = m × g × h
In energy conversion problems, such as a falling object, Eₚ lost = Eₖ gained (assuming no air resistance). Calculate Eₚ first and then rearrange to find v. For example, a 2 kg rock dropped from 5 m loses Eₚ = 2 × 9.8 × 5 = 98 J; this equals Eₖ = ½ × 2 × v², giving v = √(98 / 1) ≈ 9.9 m/s.
在能量转化问题中，如下落物体，损失的 Eₚ = 获得的 Eₖ（假设无空气阻力）。先算出 Eₚ，再变形求 v。例如，一块 2 kg 的石头从 5 m 高落下，损失 Eₚ = 2 × 9.8 × 5 = 98 J；等于 Eₖ = ½ × 2 × v²，解得 v = √(98 / 1) ≈ 9.9 m/s。
6. Power | 功率
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. Two equivalent equations: Power = work done ÷ time or Power = energy transferred ÷ time, P = W / t or P = E / t. The unit of power is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率是做功或转移能量的速率。两个等价公式：功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间 或 功率 = 转移能量 ÷ 时间，即 P = W / t 或 P = E / t。功率的单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
P = W ÷ t
A motor that lifts a weight doing 2400 J of work in 30 s has a power output of P = 2400 ÷ 30 = 80 W. When time is given in minutes, always convert to seconds first.
一台电动机用30秒提升重物做功2400 J，其功率输出为 P = 2400 ÷ 30 = 80 W。如果时间以分钟给出，务必先转换为秒。
For objects moving at constant speed, power can also be calculated using P = F × v, where F is the driving force and v is the velocity. This is useful when a car’s engine provides a constant force at a certain speed.
对于匀速运动的物体，功率也可用 P = F × v 计算，其中 F 为驱动力，v 为速度。当汽车发动机以恒定力在某一速度下行驶时，该公式非常实用。
7. Momentum (Higher Tier) | 动量（提高层）
Momentum depends on mass and velocity and is essential for analysing collisions and explosions. Momentum = mass × velocity, p = m × v. Momentum is measured in kg m/s. It is a vector quantity, so direction matters.
动量取决于质量和速度，对分析碰撞和爆炸至关重要。动量 = 质量 × 速度，p = m × v。动量单位为 kg m/s。它是矢量，方向很关键。
p = m × v
In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after — the principle of conservation of momentum. For two objects colliding: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂. Always assign positive and negative directions, e.g., to the right as positive.
在封闭系统中，事件前的总动量等于事件后的总动量——动量守恒定律。两物体碰撞：m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂。务必规定正方向，例如向右为正，向左为负。
Example: A 3 kg trolley moving right at 4 m/s collides with
Published by TutorHao | GCSE Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导