📚 GCSE CCEA Physics: Practical Experiment Guide | GCSE CCEA 物理实验操作指南
Mastering the practical experiments in CCEA GCSE Physics is essential for achieving high marks, especially in Unit 3 (Practical Skills). This guide covers the key required practicals, explaining aim, apparatus, procedure, data analysis, and sources of error. By following these descriptions closely, you will develop the skills needed to plan investigations, collect accurate data, and evaluate experimental results confidently.
掌握 CCEA GCSE 物理中的实验操作对于取得高分至关重要，尤其是在第三单元（实验技能）中。本指南涵盖了关键的必修实验，详细说明了实验目的、器材、步骤、数据分析和误差来源。通过仔细遵循这些描述，你将培养制定研究计划、收集准确数据以及自信地评估实验结果的能力。
1. Measuring the Density of a Regular Solid | 测量规则固体的密度
Aim: To determine the density of a regularly shaped solid (e.g., a wooden block or metal cube).
目的：测定形状规则固体（例如木块或金属立方体）的密度。
Apparatus: Electronic balance, metre rule or vernier calipers, regular solid object.
器材：电子天平、米尺或游标卡尺、规则固体物体。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Measure the mass (m) of the solid using an electronic balance and record the value in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
1. 用电子天平测量固体的质量 (m)，并以克 (g) 或千克 (kg) 为单位记录数值。
2. Use a metre rule or vernier calipers to measure the length, width, and height of the solid. Record each dimension to the nearest millimetre, then convert to metres (m).
2. 用米尺或游标卡尺测量固体的长、宽和高。将每个尺寸记录到最接近的毫米，然后转换为米 (m)。
3. Calculate the volume (V) using the formula for a rectangular solid: V = length × width × height. Ensure consistent units (m³ or cm³).
3. 使用长方体体积公式计算体积 (V)：V = 长 × 宽 × 高。确保单位一致 (m³ 或 cm³)。
4. Compute the density (ρ) using the equation:
4. 使用以下方程计算密度 (ρ)：
ρ = m / V
5. Repeat the measurements three times and calculate an average density to reduce random error.
5. 重复测量三次并计算平均密度以减少随机误差。
Safety: Care should be taken when handling heavy metal blocks to avoid injury.
安全注意事项：处理重金属块时应小心，避免受伤。
2. Measuring the Density of an Irregular Solid | 测量不规则固体的密度（排水法）
Aim: To find the density of an irregularly shaped solid (e.g., a stone) using the displacement method.
目的：使用排水法测定不规则形状固体（例如一块石头）的密度。
Apparatus: Electronic balance, measuring cylinder or Eureka (displacement) can, water, stone or irregular solid, thread.
器材：电子天平、量筒或尤里卡（溢流）罐、水、石头或不规则固体、细线。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Measure the mass (m) of the irregular solid using the balance and record it.
1. 用天平测量不规则固体的质量 (m) 并记录。
2. Fill a Eureka can with water until it overflows; wait until dripping stops. Alternatively, partly fill a measuring cylinder and record the initial water volume (V₁).
2. 将尤里卡罐装满水直至溢出；等待滴水停止。或者，在量筒中装入部分水，记录初始水的体积 (V₁)。
3. Attach the solid to a thread and slowly lower it completely into the water. Collect the displaced water from the Eureka can and transfer it to a measuring cylinder to measure its volume. If using a measuring cylinder, record the final volume (V₂).
3. 用细线系住固体，然后缓慢地将其完全浸入水中。收集尤里卡罐排出的水，倒入量筒测量其体积。如果使用量筒，则记录最终体积 (V₂)。
4. The volume of the solid (V) equals the volume of displaced water: V = V₂ – V₁ (or directly measured from the Eureka can).
4. 固体的体积 (V) 等于排开水的体积：V = V₂ – V₁（或从尤里卡罐直接测量）。
5. Calculate the density using ρ = m / V.
5. 使用公式 ρ = m / V 计算密度。
Notes: Make sure no air bubbles are trapped on the surface of the solid. For very light solids, a sinker might be needed.
注意事项：确保固体表面没有附着气泡。对于很轻的固体，可能需要使用沉锤。
3. Investigating Hooke’s Law | 研究胡克定律
Aim: To investigate the relationship between the extension of a spring and the force applied to it.
目的：研究弹簧的伸长量与施加在其上的力之间的关系。
Apparatus: Coil spring, metre rule, clamp stand, weight hanger, set of slotted masses (e.g., 100 g each), pointer (optional).
器材：螺旋弹簧、米尺、铁架台、挂钩、一套槽码（例如每个 100 g）、指针（可选）。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Hang the spring freely from a clamp and attach a pointer to the bottom if needed to read the position accurately. Read the position of the bottom of the spring when no load is applied; this is the initial length (L₀).
1. 将弹簧自由悬挂在铁夹上，如果需要准确读数，可以在底部安装一个指针。在没有负载时读取弹簧底部的位置，这是初始长度 (L₀)。
2. Add one mass to the hanger, wait for the spring to settle, and measure the new length (L). Calculate the extension (e) = L – L₀. Record the force (F = mg, where m is the total mass in kg, g = 9.8 N/kg).
2. 在挂钩上增加一个槽码，等待弹簧稳定后测量新长度 (L)。计算伸长量 (e) = L – L₀。记录力 (F = mg，其中 m 是以 kg 为单位的总质量，g = 9.8 N/kg)。
3. Increase the mass in steps and record the extension for each force. Ensure the spring does not exceed its elastic limit (do not stretch it permanently).
3. 逐步增加质量并记录每个力对应的伸长量。确保弹簧不超过其弹性限度（不要使其永久变形）。
4. Plot a graph of force (y-axis) against extension (x-axis).
4. 绘制力（y 轴）与伸长量（x 轴）的关系图。
Analysis: A straight line through the origin confirms Hooke’s Law: F = k e, where k is the spring constant. The gradient of the line equals k.
分析：一条通过原点的直线验证了胡克定律：F = k e，其中 k 是弹簧常数。直线的斜率等于 k。
4. Measuring Acceleration Using a Dynamics Trolley | 测量加速度（小车实验）
Aim: To determine the acceleration of a trolley pulled by a falling mass, using a light gate or ticker-timer.
目的：使用光门或打点计时器测定被下落重物拉动的小车的加速度。
Apparatus: Dynamics trolley, runway (friction-compensated), pulley, string, slotted masses, light gates interfaced with a data logger (or ticker-timer with tape), metre rule.
器材：动力学小车、斜面导轨（已补偿摩擦）、滑轮、细绳、槽码、与数据采集器连接的光门（或打点计时器及纸带）、米尺。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Slightly tilt the runway so that the trolley moves at constant speed when pushed gently, compensating for friction.
1. 略微倾斜导轨，使小车在被轻轻推动时匀速运动，以补偿摩擦力。
2. Set up a pulley at the end of the runway. Attach one end of the string to the trolley and the other to a mass hanger hanging over the edge. The hanging mass provides the accelerating force.
2. 在导轨末端安装一个滑轮。将细绳一端系在小车上，另一端系在悬挂于桌面边缘的挂钩上。悬挂的质量提供加速力。
3. Place two light gates a known distance s apart along the track and connect them to a data logger. Alternatively, attach a ticker-timer tape to the trolley.
3. 沿轨道放置两个光门，已知距离为 s，并将它们连接到数据采集器。或者，将打点计时器纸带贴在小车上。
4. Release the trolley. The data logger records the time intervals as the trolley interrupts each light gate, giving initial velocity u and final velocity v, and the time t between gates if using timing mode. For a ticker-timer, measure the distances between dots on the tape.
4. 释放小车。数据采集器记录小车遮断每个光门的时间间隔，得到初速度 u、末速度 v，以及光门之间的时间 t（如果使用计时模式）。对于打点计时器，测量纸带上点之间的距离。
5. Calculate acceleration using one of the equations of motion, e.g.:
5. 使用运动学方程计算加速度，例如：
a = (v – u) / t or v² = u² + 2as
6. Keep the total mass of the system constant when investigating the effect of force by transferring masses from the trolley to the hanger.
6. 在研究力的作用时，通过将槽码从小车上转移到挂钩上来保持系统的总质量不变。
5. Investigating Ohm’s Law | 研究欧姆定律
Aim: To verify Ohm’s Law for a fixed resistor and to measure its resistance.
目的：验证固定电阻的欧姆定律并测量其电阻。
Apparatus: DC power supply (or battery), ammeter, voltmeter, fixed resistor (e.g., 10 Ω or 20 Ω), rheostat (variable resistor), connecting wires.
器材：直流电源（或电池）、电流表、电压表、固定电阻（例如 10 Ω 或 20 Ω）、变阻器（滑动变阻器）、连接导线。
Circuit setup: Connect the resistor, ammeter, rheostat, and power supply in series. Connect the voltmeter in parallel across the resistor.
电路连接：将电阻、电流表、变阻器和电源串联。将电压表并联在电阻两端。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Before switching on, have the circuit checked. Set the power supply to a low voltage (e.g., 2 V).
1. 在接通电路前，请检查电路。将电源设置为低电压（例如 2 V）。
2. Close the switch and adjust the rheostat to obtain a small current. Record the ammeter reading (I) and voltmeter reading (V).
2. 闭合开关，调节变阻器以获得一个小电流。记录电流表读数 (I) 和电压表读数 (V)。
3. Vary the rheostat to increase the current in regular steps, each time recording V and I. Take at least six pairs of readings.
3. 改变变阻器以规律地增大电流，每次记录 V 和 I。至少记录六组数据。
4. Plot a graph of voltage (y-axis) against current (x-axis).
4. 绘制电压（y 轴）与电流（x 轴）的关系图。
Analysis: A straight line passing through the origin confirms V ∝ I, i.e., Ohm’s Law. The gradient of the line equals the resistance R = V / I.
分析：一条通过原点的直线证实 V ∝ I，即欧姆定律。直线的斜率等于电阻 R = V / I。
6. Investigating the I-V Characteristic of a Filament Lamp | 研究灯丝的 I-V 特性
Aim: To investigate how the current through a filament lamp varies with the voltage across it.
目的：研究通过灯丝的电流如何随其两端电压变化。
Apparatus: Same as the Ohm’s Law experiment, but replace the fixed resistor with a filament lamp (e.g., 6 V, 0.3 A).
器材：与欧姆定律实验相同，但将固定电阻换成灯丝灯泡（例如 6 V，0.3 A）。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Connect the circuit with the lamp in series with the ammeter and power supply; voltmeter in parallel across the lamp.
1. 将灯泡与电流表和电源串联；电压表并联在灯泡两端。
2. Switch on and adjust the rheostat so that the lamp glows dimly. Record the V and I values.
2. 接通电源，调节变阻器使灯泡发出微光。记录 V 和 I 的值。
3. Increase the voltage in small steps. As the lamp becomes brighter, take readings quickly to prevent further heating from affecting the measurements.
3. 以小步幅增加电压。随着灯泡变亮，迅速读数以防止额外升温影响测量。
4. Once the lamp is at maximum brightness, do not exceed the rated voltage.
4. 一旦灯泡达到最大亮度，不要超过其额定电压。
Results: Plot V against I, or I against V. The graph is a curve that becomes shallower at higher voltages, showing resistance increases with temperature. The resistance R = V/I is not constant for a filament lamp.
结果：绘制 V 对 I 图，或 I 对 V 图。图形是一条在较高电压下变得较平缓的曲线，表明电阻随温度升高而增大。对于灯丝灯泡，电阻 R = V/I 不是恒定的。
7. Investigating Absorption of Thermal Radiation | 研究热辐射的吸收
Aim: To investigate how the colour and finish of a surface affect its ability to absorb infrared radiation.
目的：研究表面的颜色和光洁度如何影响其吸收红外辐射的能力。
Apparatus: Leslie cube (or three metal plates coated with black, white, and silver paint), infrared heater or strong lamp, thermometer or infrared sensor, stopwatch.
器材：莱斯利立方体（或涂有黑、白、银色涂料的三个金属板）、红外加热器或强光灯、温度计或红外传感器、秒表。
Procedure (using a Leslie cube):
步骤（使用莱斯利立方体）：
1. Fill the Leslie cube with hot water (all sides at the same temperature). Its four sides have different finishes: matt black, shiny black, white, and shiny silver.
1. 将热水倒入莱斯利立方体中（所有侧面温度相同）。它的四个侧面具有不同的表面处理：哑光黑、亮黑、白色和亮银色。
2. Place an infrared detector at a fixed distance from each face in turn and record the IR intensity.
2. 将红外探测器依次放置在距离每个面固定距离的位置，并记录红外强度。
Alternative experiment for absorption:
吸收替代实验：
3. Wrap three identical thermometers (or temperature probes) with paper or foil of different colours (black, white, silver), ensuring the same initial temperature.
3. 用不同颜色的纸或箔片（黑、白、银）包裹三个相同的温度计（或温度探头），确保相同的初始温度。
4. Place them at equal distances from an infrared lamp, switch on the lamp, and record the temperature rise after a fixed time interval (e.g., 5 minutes).
4. 将它们放置在距离红外灯等距离处，打开灯，并在固定的时间间隔（例如 5 分钟）后记录温度升高情况。
5. The black surface shows the largest temperature increase, indicating it is the best absorber. Silver is the poorest absorber.
5. 黑色表面显示最大的温度升高，表明它是最好的吸收体。银色是最差的吸收体。
8. Measuring Specific Heat Capacity | 测量比热容
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of a material, such as aluminium or water.
目的：测定某种材料（如铝或水）的比热容。
Apparatus: Metal block with two holes (for heater and thermometer), electrical immersion heater, power supply, ammeter, voltmeter, thermometer, stopwatch, insulation material.
器材：带有两个孔（分别用于加热器和温度计）的金属块、电浸没式加热器、电源、电流表、电压表、温度计、秒表、保温材料。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Measure and record the mass (m) of the metal block. Insert the electric heater and thermometer into the holes, ensuring good thermal contact (use a few drops of oil or water).
1. 测量并记录金属块的质量 (m)。将电加热器和温度计插入孔中，确保良好的热接触（使用几滴油或水）。
2. Insulate the block using cotton wool or foam to minimise heat loss to the surroundings.
2. 用棉或泡沫对金属块进行保温，以尽量减少向周围环境的热量散失。
3. Connect the heater to the circuit in series with an ammeter and a power supply; a voltmeter in parallel across the heater. Switch on and quickly record the initial temperature (θ₁).
3. 将加热器与电流表和电源串联；电压表并联在加热器两端。接通电源并迅速记录初始温度 (θ₁)。
4. Start the stopwatch. Keep the power supply constant, record the current I, voltage V, and stir gently if the heater does not cover the whole block.
4. 启动秒表。保持电源恒定，记录电流 I、电压 V。如果加热器不能覆盖整个金属块，需轻轻搅拌。
5. Heat for about 5–10 minutes, then switch off, record the total time t and the highest temperature reached (θ₂).
5. 加热约 5-10 分钟，然后关闭电源，记录总时间 t 和达到的最高温度 (θ₂)。
6. The electrical energy supplied is E = I V t. Assuming no heat loss, this equals the heat gained: m c Δθ, where Δθ = θ₂ – θ₁.
6. 提供的电能为 E = I V t。假设无热量损失，这等于获得的热量：m c Δθ，其中 Δθ = θ₂ – θ₁。
c = (I V t) / (m Δθ)
7. In practice, the measured c is higher than the accepted value because of heat lost to the surroundings. Adding insulation reduces this error.
7. 实际上，由于散失到周围环境的热量，测得的 c 高于公认值。增加保温措施可减小此误差。
9. Investigating Refraction of Light | 研究光的折射
Aim: To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for light passing from air into glass (or perspex).
目的：研究光从空气射入玻璃（或有机玻璃）时入射角与折射角之间的关系。
Apparatus: Ray box with power supply, rectangular glass block, sheet of white paper, protractor, sharp pencil.
器材：射线盒及电源、矩形玻璃块、一张白纸、量角器、尖铅笔。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Place the glass block on the paper and draw around its outline. Remove the block and draw a normal line at the point where the ray will strike the block.
1. 将玻璃块放在纸上，描出其轮廓。移开玻璃块，在光线将射到玻璃块的位置画一条法线。
2. Direct a narrow ray of light from the ray box so that it hits the block at an angle to the normal, say 20° (angle of incidence i). Mark the incident ray and the emergent ray with a pencil.
2. 从射线盒中发出一束窄光束，使其以与法线成一定角度（例如入射角 i = 20°）射向玻璃块。用铅笔标记入射光线和出射光线。
3. Remove the block and draw the incident and refracted rays. Connect them inside the block to indicate the path of light. Measure the angle of refraction r between the refracted ray and the normal.
3. 移开玻璃块，画出入射光线和折射光线。在玻璃块内部连接它们以指示光路。测量折射光线与法线之间的折射角 r。
4. Repeat for several different angles of incidence (e.g., 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°). Tabulate i, r, sin i, and sin r.
4. 对多个不同的入射角（例如 30°、40°、50°、60°）重复实验。将 i、r、sin i 和 sin r 制成表格。
5. Plot a graph of sin i (y-axis) against sin r (x-axis).
5. 绘制 sin i（y 轴）与 sin r（x 轴）的关系图。
Analysis: The graph should be a straight line through the origin, confirming Snell’s Law: sin i / sin r = constant (the refractive index n of the glass).
分析：图形应是一条通过原点的直线，证实斯涅尔定律：sin i / sin r = 常数（玻璃的折射率 n）。
n = sin i / sin r
10. Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air | 测量空气中的声速
Aim: To determine the speed of sound by measuring the time for sound to travel a known distance.
目的：通过测量声音传播已知距离所需的时间来测定声速。
Apparatus: Two microphones, data logger or fast electronic timer, loud sound source (e.g., two wooden blocks or a starting pistol), metre rule or long tape measure.
器材：两个麦克风、数据采集器或快速电子计时器、响亮声源（例如两个木块或发令枪）、米尺或长卷尺。
Procedure:
步骤：
1. Position the two microphones a known distance d apart (at least 50 m if possible) along a straight line from the sound source.
1. 将两个麦克风从声源沿直线放置，相距已知距离 d（如果可能，至少 50 m）。
2. Connect each microphone to separate channels of a data logger. Set the logger to measure the time interval between the sound arriving at each microphone.
2. 将每个麦克风连接到数据采集器的不同通道。设置采集器以测量声音到达每个麦克风之间的时间间隔。
3. Create a
Published by TutorHao | GCSE Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导