📚 GCSE CIE Biology: Mind Map Quick Memorisation | GCSE CIE 生物:思维导图速记
Welcome to the ultimate mind map guide for CIE IGCSE Biology. This article organises every essential topic into clear, interconnected nodes to help you memorise key facts, processes and definitions quickly. Each section follows the official syllabus, pairing concise English summaries with immediate Chinese translations – perfect for bilingual revision and rapid recall.
欢迎来到 CIE IGCSE 生物终极思维导图指南。本文将每个核心主题梳理成清晰、互联的知识节点,帮助你快速记忆关键事实、过程和定义。每一节都紧扣官方考纲,配以简洁的中英双语要点,非常适合双语复习和快速提取信息。
1. Characteristics of Living Organisms | 生物的共同特征
Movement: An action by an organism causing a change of position or place.
运动: 生物体通过动作改变位置或方向。
Respiration: The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules to release energy in cells.
呼吸作用: 细胞内分解营养物质释放能量的化学反应。
Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.
感应: 探测并响应内外环境变化的能力。
Growth: A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size.
生长: 通过细胞数目增多或体积增大,实现体积和干重的永久增加。
Reproduction: The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
繁殖: 产生同种后代的过程。
Excretion: Removal of toxic waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements.
排泄: 清除代谢产生的有毒废物及体内多余的物质。
Nutrition: The intake of materials for energy, growth and repair.
营养: 摄取物质以提供能量、支持生长和修复。
2. Classification Systems | 生物分类系统
Binomial system: Genus followed by species, e.g., Homo sapiens.
双名法: 属名在前种名在后,如 Homo sapiens。
Five kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Prokaryotes.
五界系统: 动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界、原核生物界。
Vertebrate classes: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals – distinguished by body covering, reproduction and temperature regulation.
脊椎动物纲: 鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类 —— 依据体表覆盖物、生殖方式及体温调节区分。
Arthropods: Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods – defined by number of legs and body segments.
节肢动物: 昆虫、甲壳类、蛛形纲、多足类 —— 依据足数和体节划分。
Plants – ferns and flowering plants: Ferns reproduce by spores; flowering plants produce seeds within fruits.
植物——蕨类和开花植物: 蕨类靠孢子繁殖;开花植物在果实内产生种子。
3. Cell Structure and Organisation | 细胞结构与组织
Animal cell organelles: Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.
动物细胞器: 细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体。
Plant cell extras: Cell wall (cellulose), large permanent vacuole, chloroplasts.
植物细胞特有结构: 纤维素细胞壁、大液泡、叶绿体。
Specialised cells: Root hair cell (large surface area), red blood cell (biconcave, no nucleus), xylem vessel (hollow tube).
特化细胞: 根毛细胞(大表面积)、红细胞(双凹圆盘状,无核)、木质部导管(中空管状)。
Levels of organisation: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.
组织层次: 细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。
Magnification formula: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size.
放大倍数公式: 放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。
4. Movement In and Out of Cells | 物质进出细胞
Diffusion: Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
扩散: 粒子顺浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。
Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from high water potential to low water potential.
渗透: 水分子通过半透膜从高水势向低水势的扩散。
Active transport: Movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration.
主动运输: 利用呼吸作用提供的能量逆浓度梯度运输粒子。
Factors affecting diffusion: Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, distance.
影响扩散的因素: 浓度梯度、温度、表面积、扩散距离。
Plant cells in solutions: Turgid in dilute solution, flaccid or plasmolysed in concentrated solution.
植物细胞在不同溶液中的状态: 在稀溶液中呈硬挺,在浓溶液中质壁分离。
5. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates: Glucose, starch (plant storage), glycogen (animal storage), cellulose (cell wall).
碳水化合物: 葡萄糖、淀粉(植物储能)、糖原(动物储能)、纤维素(细胞壁)。
Proteins: Made of amino acids; enzymes, haemoglobin, antibodies are proteins.
蛋白质: 由氨基酸构成;酶、血红蛋白、抗体均属蛋白质。
Lipids: Fats and oils, made of fatty acids and glycerol; energy store and insulation.
脂质: 脂肪和油,由脂肪酸和甘油组成;储能和保温作用。
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that lower activation energy; specific active site, lock-and-key model.
酶: 生物催化剂,降低活化能;具有特定活性位点,锁钥模型。
Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration – extremes cause denaturation.
影响酶活性的因素: 温度、pH、底物浓度 —— 极端条件导致变性。
6. Plant Nutrition and Photosynthesis | 植物营养与光合作用
Photosynthesis word equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen, using light energy and chlorophyll.
光合作用文字方程式: 二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气,需要光能和叶绿素。
Balanced chemical equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
化学平衡式: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Leaf adaptations: Broad blade, thin, waxy cuticle, stomata for gas exchange, palisade layer with many chloroplasts.
叶的适应结构: 宽大的叶片、薄、蜡质角质层、气孔用于气体交换、含大量叶绿体的栅栏组织。
Mineral nutrients: Nitrate ions for amino acids, magnesium ions for chlorophyll.
矿质营养: 硝酸根离子用于合成氨基酸,镁离子用于合成叶绿素。
Use of glucose: Respiration, starch storage, cellulose synthesis, amino acid production (with nitrates).
葡萄糖的用途: 呼吸作用、转化为淀粉储存、合成纤维素、与硝酸盐合成氨基酸。
7. Human Nutrition and Digestion | 人类营养与消化
Balanced diet: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, dietary fibre.
均衡膳食: 碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质、维生素、矿物质、水、膳食纤维。
Digestive system organs: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), large intestine, rectum, anus.
消化系统器官: 口腔、食道、胃、小肠(十二指肠和回肠)、大肠、直肠、肛门。
Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions that push food along the gut.
蠕动: 肌肉波状收缩推动食物沿消化道移动。
Digestive enzymes: Amylase (starch → maltose), protease (protein → amino acids), lipase (lipids → fatty acids + glycerol).
消化酶: 淀粉酶(淀粉 → 麦芽糖)、蛋白酶(蛋白质 → 氨基酸)、脂肪酶(脂质 → 脂肪酸 + 甘油)。
Absorption: Villi in the ileum provide large surface area, thin epithelium, blood capillary network.
吸收: 回肠绒毛提供大表面积、薄上皮层和丰富的毛细血管网。
8. Transport in Plants | 植物的运输系统
Xylem: Transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves; dead, hollow cells; lignified walls.
木质部: 从根向叶运输水分和矿质离子;由死细胞组成,中空,木质化壁。
Phloem: Transports sucrose and amino acids (translocation); living cells with sieve plates and companion cells.
韧皮部: 运输蔗糖和氨基酸(运输作用);由活细胞组成,含筛板和伴胞。
Transpiration pull: Water loss from stomata creates tension that draws water up the xylem.
蒸腾拉力: 气孔失水产生张力,将水拉上木质部。
Factors affecting transpiration: Light intensity, temperature, wind speed, humidity.
影响蒸腾作用的因素: 光照强度、温度、风速、湿度。
Root hair cells: Large surface area, thin wall, many mitochondria for active uptake of minerals.
根毛细胞: 表面积大、壁薄、富含线粒体以主动吸收矿质。
9. Transport in Animals | 动物的循环系统
Circulatory system: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries; double circulation (pulmonary and systemic).
循环系统: 心脏、动脉、静脉、毛细血管;双循环(肺循环和体循环)。
Heart structure: Four chambers – right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle; septum separates sides.
心脏结构: 四腔——右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室;间隔分隔左右。
Blood components: Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (defence), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport medium).
血液成分: 红细胞(运氧)、白细胞(防御)、血小板(凝血)、血浆(运输介质)。
Arteries vs. veins: Thick muscular wall, narrow lumen, high pressure (arteries); thin wall, wide lumen, valves (veins).
动脉与静脉: 厚肌层、窄管腔、高压(动脉);薄壁、宽管腔、有瓣膜(静脉)。
Heart rate and exercise: Adrenaline increases heart rate; coronary heart disease linked to fatty deposits in arteries.
心率与运动: 肾上腺素加快心率;冠心病与动脉内脂肪沉积有关。
10. Gas Exchange and Respiration | 气体交换与呼吸
Human gas exchange system: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli; ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm assist ventilation.
人体气体交换系统: 气管、支气管、细支气管、肺泡;肋骨、肋间肌和膈肌辅助通气。
Alveoli adaptations: Thin walls (one cell thick), moist surface, rich capillary network, large surface area.
肺泡的适应结构: 单层细胞薄壁、潮湿表面、密集毛细血管网、大表面积。
Aerobic respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP).
有氧呼吸方程式: 葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量(ATP)。
Anaerobic respiration in muscles: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy (less).
肌肉无氧呼吸: 葡萄糖 → 乳酸 + 少量能量。
Anaerobic respiration in yeast: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (fermentation).
酵母无氧呼吸: 葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳(发酵)。
11. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应
Nervous system: Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nerves; reflex arcs involve receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector.
神经系统: 中枢神经系统(脑、脊髓)和周围神经;反射弧包含感受器、感觉神经元、联络神经元、运动神经元、效应器。
Synapses: Gaps between neurones; neurotransmitters carry the signal across.
突触: 神经元间的间隙;神经递质传递信号。
Eye focus: Ciliary muscles contract to make lens fatter for near objects; suspensory ligaments slack.
眼睛调焦: 看近物时睫状肌收缩使晶状体变厚,悬韧带松弛。
Hormones: Adrenaline (fight or flight), insulin (lowers blood glucose), glucagon (raises blood glucose).
激素: 肾上腺素(应激反应)、胰岛素(降血糖)、胰高血糖素(升血糖)。
Tropisms: Phototropism (light), geotropism (gravity) controlled by auxin distribution.
向性: 向光性、向地性,由生长素分布控制。
12. Reproduction and Inheritance | 生殖与遗传
Asexual reproduction: Mitosis produces genetically identical offspring; e.g., potato tubers, strawberry runners.
无性生殖: 有丝分裂产生基因相同的后代;如马铃薯块茎、草莓匍匐茎。
Sexual reproduction: Meiosis produces gametes; fertilisation restores diploid number, bringing variation.
有性生殖: 减数分裂产生配子;受精恢复二倍体数目,带来变异。
DNA and chromosomes: DNA is a double helix; a gene is a segment of DNA coding for a protein.
DNA与染色体: DNA是双螺旋结构;基因是编码蛋白质的DNA片段。
Monohybrid inheritance: Use of Punnett squares; homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive.
单基因遗传: 使用庞纳特方格;纯合显性、杂合、纯合隐性。
Sex determination: Male XY, female XX; sperm determines sex.
性别决定: 男性XY,女性XX;精子决定性别。
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