GCSE Edexcel Economics Formula Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 经济：公式汇总手册

📚 GCSE Edexcel Economics Formula Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 经济：公式汇总手册

This handbook gathers all the essential formulas you need to master for the GCSE Edexcel Economics qualification. Whether you are tackling calculations on elasticities, costs, revenue, profit, or macroeconomic indicators, a firm grasp of these relationships will help you analyse data accurately and write stronger exam responses.

本手册汇总了 GCSE Edexcel 经济学必需掌握的所有核心公式。无论你在处理弹性、成本、收益、利润的计算，还是分析宏观经济指标，熟练掌握这些数量关系都能帮助你精确解读数据，写出更有说服力的答案。

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1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性 (PED)

Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It helps firms predict how a price change will affect total revenue.

需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。它帮助企业预测价格变动将如何影响总收益。

PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded ÷ % Change in Price

The formula is calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price. A PED value greater than 1 indicates elastic demand, while a value less than 1 indicates inelastic demand.

该公式通过需求量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比计算得出。PED 值大于 1 表示需求富有弹性，小于 1 表示需求缺乏弹性。

Note that the sign is usually negative because of the inverse relationship, but we ignore the sign and consider the absolute value.

请注意，由于反向关系，符号通常为负，但我们忽略符号，考虑绝对值。

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2. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给价格弹性 (PES)

Price elasticity of supply measures how responsive the quantity supplied is to a change in price. It indicates how easily producers can change production levels.

供给价格弹性衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。它表明生产者改变生产水平的难易程度。

PES = % Change in Quantity Supplied ÷ % Change in Price

A PES value above 1 means supply is elastic (producers can increase output quickly). A value below 1 means supply is inelastic.

PES 值大于 1 表示供给富有弹性（生产者能快速增加产量）。值小于 1 表示供给缺乏弹性。

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3. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) | 收入需求弹性 (YED)

Income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to a change in consumer income. It helps classify goods as normal or inferior.

收入需求弹性衡量需求对消费者收入变化的反应程度。它有助于将商品分类为正常品或劣等品。

YED = % Change in Quantity Demanded ÷ % Change in Income

If YED is positive, the good is a normal good (demand increases as income rises). If YED is negative, it is an inferior good (demand falls as income rises).

如果 YED 为正，则该商品为正常品（收入增加时需求增加）。如果 YED 为负，则为劣等品（收入增加时需求减少）。

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4. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) | 交叉需求弹性 (XED)

Cross elasticity of demand measures how the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good. It identifies substitutes and complements.

交叉需求弹性衡量一种商品的需求量对另一种商品价格变化的反应。它用于识别替代品和互补品。

XED = % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A ÷ % Change in Price of Good B

A positive XED indicates substitutes (a price rise in good B increases demand for good A). A negative XED indicates complements.

XED 为正表示替代品（商品 B 涨价导致商品 A 需求增加）。XED 为负表示互补品。

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5. Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue | 总收益、平均收益与边际收益

Revenue formulas are essential for understanding a firm’s income from sales. Total revenue is the overall money received, while average revenue equals the price per unit.

收益公式对于理解企业的销售收入至关重要。总收益是获得的全部收入，而平均收益等于单位价格。

TR = Price × Quantity

AR = TR ÷ Quantity = Price

MR = Change in TR ÷ Change in Quantity

Marginal revenue is the additional revenue from selling one more unit. In perfectly competitive markets, MR equals AR and price.

边际收益是多销售一单位产品带来的额外收益。在完全竞争市场中，MR 等于 AR 和价格。

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6. Costs of Production: Total, Average and Marginal Costs | 生产成本：总成本、平均成本与边际成本

Understanding cost structures helps firms make output decisions. Total cost consists of fixed and variable components.

理解成本结构有助于企业做出产量决策。总成本由固定成本和可变成本组成。

TC = TFC + TVC

AC (or ATC) = TC ÷ Quantity

AFC = TFC ÷ Quantity

AVC = TVC ÷ Quantity

MC = Change in TC ÷ Change in Quantity

Average total cost (AC) is the cost per unit. Marginal cost (MC) shows the cost of producing an additional unit. When MC is below AC, AC falls; when MC is above AC, AC rises.

平均总成本（AC）是单位成本。边际成本（MC）表示生产额外一单位的成本。当 MC 低于 AC 时，AC 下降；当 MC 高于 AC 时，AC 上升。

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7. Profit, Break-even and Contribution | 利润、收支平衡与贡献

Profit is the difference between total revenue and total costs. Break-even analysis identifies the output level where a firm covers all its costs.

利润是总收益与总成本之间的差额。收支平衡分析确定了企业刚好覆盖所有成本的产出水平。

Profit = TR − TC

Break-even output (units) = TFC ÷ (Selling price per unit − Variable cost per unit)

The break-even point occurs when TR = TC. Contribution per unit measures how much each unit sold contributes towards covering fixed costs and generating profit.

收支平衡点发生在 TR = TC 时。单位贡献衡量每售出一单位产品能覆盖多少固定成本并产生利润。

Contribution per unit = Selling price − Variable cost per unit

Total contribution = Contribution per unit × Quantity sold (or TR − TVC)

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