📚 GCSE OCR Physics: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE OCR 物理：公式汇总手册
This comprehensive handbook brings together every essential formula you need for GCSE OCR Physics. Understanding these equations is the key to solving numerical problems and explaining scientific phenomena in your exams.
这本全面的手册汇集了 GCSE OCR 物理考试中所有必备公式。理解这些方程是解题和解释科学现象的关键。
1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动学
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the time taken.
平均速度是总路程除以所用时间。
v = s / t
Acceleration measures how quickly velocity changes. It is the change in velocity over time.
加速度衡量速度变化的快慢，等于速度变化量除以时间。
a = (v − u) / t
For uniform acceleration, the final velocity squared is related to initial velocity, acceleration and displacement.
对于匀加速运动，末速度的平方与初速度、加速度和位移有关。
v2 = u2 + 2 a s
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Newton’s second law states that the resultant force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
牛顿第二定律指出，物体所受的合力等于质量乘以加速度。
F = m a
Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass.
重量是作用在质量上的重力。
W = m g
Hooke’s law describes the extension of a spring as directly proportional to the applied force, up to the limit of proportionality.
胡克定律指出，在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量与施加的力成正比。
F = k x
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance.
功是力使物体移动一段距离时所传递的能量。
W = F d
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed squared.
动能取决于质量和速度的平方。
Ek = ½ m v2
Gravitational potential energy increases with height in a gravitational field.
重力势能随高度增加而增大。
Ep = m g h
Elastic potential energy is stored in a stretched or compressed spring.
弹性势能储存在被拉伸或压缩的弹簧中。
Ee = ½ k x2
Power is the rate of energy transfer or work done.
功率是能量传递或做功的速率。
P = E / t
Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy.
效率是有用输出能量与总输入能量之比。
Efficiency = Useful energy output / Total energy input
4. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Electric charge transferred is the product of current and time.
转移的电荷量等于电流与时间的乘积。
Q = I t
Ohm’s law relates potential difference, current and resistance.
欧姆定律描述了电势差、电流和电阻之间的关系。
V = I R
When resistors are joined in series, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
电阻串联时，总电阻等于各电阻之和。
Rtotal = R1 + R2
For resistors in parallel, the total resistance is found using the reciprocal formula.
电阻并联时，总电阻由倒数公式计算。
1 / Rtotal = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2
5. Electrical Power and Energy | 电功率与电能
Electrical power in a component can be calculated using potential difference and current.
元件的电功率可用电势差和电流计算。
P = I V
Power can also be expressed using current and resistance.
功率也可用电流和电阻表示。
P = I2 R
Using voltage and resistance gives another useful form.
用电压和电阻得到另一种形式。
P = V2 / R
Energy transferred by electricity is power multiplied by time.
电能传递量等于功率乘以时间。
E = P t
6. Waves | 波
Wave speed is the product of frequency and wavelength.
波速等于频率乘以波长。
v = f λ
The period of a wave is the reciprocal of the frequency.
波的周期是频率的倒数。
T = 1 / f
7. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
Density is mass per unit volume.
密度是单位体积的质量。
ρ = m / V
Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to a surface per unit area.
压强是垂直作用于单位面积上的力。
p = F / A
Pressure exerted by a liquid column depends on depth, density and gravitational field strength.
液体柱产生的压强取决于深度、密度和重力场强。
p = h ρ g
8. Thermal Physics | 热物理
The energy needed to change the temperature of a substance is proportional to its mass, specific heat capacity and temperature change.
改变物体温度所需的能量与其质量、比热容和温度变化成正比。
ΔE = m c Δθ
Energy required for a change of state without temperature change is given by the latent heat.
没有温度变化的状态改变所需能量由潜热给出。
E = m L
9. Radioactivity | 放射性
Activity is the number of decays per second and is measured in becquerels.
活度是每秒衰变次数，单位为贝克勒尔。
A = ΔN / Δt
Half-life is the time for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay; no single formula, but the count rate halves each half-life period.
半衰期是样本中一半放射性原子核衰变所需的时间；没有单一公式，但计数率在每个半衰期内减半。
10. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
For an ideal transformer, the ratio of voltages is equal to the ratio of turns in the coils.
对于理想变压器，电压比等于线圈匝数比。
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Assuming 100% efficiency, the electrical power in the primary coil equals the power in the secondary coil, which leads to the current-turns relationship.
假设效率100%，原线圈的电功率等于副线圈的电功率，由此得出电流与匝数的关系。
Ip Vp = Is Vs
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