IB Physics: 250 Phys IA Ideas | IB 物理：250 物理 IA 实验探究

📚 IB Physics: 250 Phys IA Ideas | IB 物理：250 物理 IA 实验探究

The IB Physics Internal Assessment (IA) requires you to design and carry out a personal scientific investigation. Choosing the right topic can be challenging, so this article provides 250 experiment ideas grouped by topic. Each idea can be adapted to your available apparatus and refined with a focused research question involving an independent variable, a dependent variable and controlled variables.

IB 物理内部评估 (IA) 要求你设计并完成一项个人科学探究。选择合适的题目往往令人头疼，因此本文按主题分类提供了 250 个实验创意。每个想法都可以根据你手头的器材进行调整，并提炼成一个包含自变量、因变量和控制变量的精确研究问题。

1. Mechanics (Kinematics & Dynamics) | 力学（运动学与动力学）

Below are 30 IA ideas exploring linear motion, forces, energy and momentum. Each can be investigated with standard laboratory equipment such as dynamics carts, ticker timers, motion sensors and force sensors.

以下是 30 个探索直线运动、力、能量和动量的 IA 想法。每个都可以用动力学小车、打点计时器、运动传感器和力传感器等标准实验室设备进行研究。

• Investigate how the angle of an inclined plane affects the acceleration of a cart.

  研究斜面角度如何影响小车的加速度。

• Study the relationship between the mass of a cart and its acceleration when a constant force is applied.

  研究在施加恒力时小车质量与其加速度的关系。

• Determine how the coefficient of kinetic friction depends on the surface material.

  测定动摩擦系数如何取决于表面材料。

• Explore how the drop height affects the impact force measured by a force plate.

  探究下落高度如何影响力板测量的冲击力。

• Investigate the effect of air resistance on the terminal velocity of paper cones of different sizes.

  研究空气阻力对不同尺寸纸锥终末速度的影响。

• Measure how the spring constant affects the period of a mass-spring oscillator.

  测量弹簧劲度系数如何影响弹簧振子的周期。

• Examine the relationship between the launch angle and the range of a projectile.

  检验抛体运动发射角与射程的关系。

• Investigate conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions using motion sensors.

  用运动传感器研究弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞中的动量守恒。

• Study how the mass distribution of a rolling object affects its acceleration down an incline.

  研究滚动体的质量分布如何影响其沿斜面向下的加速度。

• Determine how the tension in a string changes with the angle in a pendulum setup.

  测定单摆装置中绳的张力如何随角度变化。

• Investigate the relationship between the centripetal force and the radius of circular motion for a constant tangential speed.

  研究在切向速率恒定时向心力与圆周运动半径的关系。

• Explore how the number of rubber bands in a catapult affects the launch speed of a projectile.

  探究弹弓中橡皮筋的数量如何影响抛体的发射速度。

• Study the damping of a simple pendulum due to air resistance and determine the damping constant.

  研究空气阻力引起的单摆阻尼并确定阻尼常数。

• Measure the coefficient of restitution for different balls by dropping them from a fixed height.

  通过从固定高度下落不同球类来测量恢复系数。

• Investigate how the angle of a banked track affects the maximum speed of a toy car without slipping.

  研究倾斜弯道的倾角如何影响玩具车不侧滑的最大速度。

• Determine the relationship between the kinetic energy of a pendulum bob and its height using a photogate.

  用光电门测定摆锤动能与其高度的关系。

• Explore the energy dissipation as a bouncing ball loses height over successive bounces.

  探究弹跳球连续反弹时高度损失中的能量耗散。

• Study the effect of string length on the period of a bifilar pendulum.

  研究双线摆摆线长度对其周期的影响。

• Investigate the motion of a projectile launched horizontally from a table and determine its initial velocity.

  研究从桌面水平抛出的抛体运动并确定其初速度。

• Measure the static friction coefficient between various surfaces using a simple incline.

  用简单斜面测量不同表面间的静摩擦系数。

• Explore how the mass of a counterweight affects the acceleration of an Atwood machine.

  探究配重质量如何影响阿特伍德机的加速度。

• Determine the drag coefficient of a sphere by measuring its terminal velocity in glycerin.

  通过测量球体在甘油中的终末速度来确定阻力系数。

• Study the relationship between the force applied to a spring and its extension, verifying Hooke’s law for multiple springs in series and parallel.

  研究施加在弹簧上的力与其伸长量的关系，验证串联和并联弹簧的胡克定律。

• Investigate how the length of a cantilever beam affects its deflection under a fixed load.

  研究悬臂梁长度在固定负载下如何影响其挠度。

• Measure the impulse delivered to a cart by a spring launcher and compare with the change in momentum.

  测量弹簧发射器给予小车的冲量并与动量变化进行比较。

• Explore the efficiency of a simple machine such as a pulley system under different loads.

  探究简单机械（如滑轮组）在不同负载下的效率。

• Determine the maximum friction force for different surface areas in contact and comment on the independence of area.

  测定不同接触面积下的最大摩擦力，评价面积无关性。

• Investigate the trajectory of a projectile launched at an angle from an elevated position.

  研究从高处倾斜发射的抛体轨迹。

• Study the relationship between the tension in a conical pendulum and the angular velocity.

  研究锥摆中张力与角速度的关系。

• Explore the motion of a bicycle wheel gyroscope and how precession rate depends on spin speed.

  探究自行车轮陀螺的运动以及进动速率如何取决于自旋速度。

2. Circular Motion & Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力

Here are 20 IA ideas covering uniform circular motion, centripetal acceleration and gravitational field strength. You may use whirling bungs, orbiting simulations or pendulum-based methods.

这里有 20 个关于匀速圆周运动、向心加速度和引力场强度的 IA 想法。你可以使用旋转橡皮塞、轨道模拟或基于单摆的方法。

• Investigate how the period of a conical pendulum depends on its length.

  研究锥摆的周期如何取决于摆长。

• Determine the relationship between centripetal force and angular velocity for a mass moving in a circle.

  确定圆周运动物体向心力与角速度的关系。

• Study how the mass of a stopper affects the period of circular motion at constant radius and force.

  研究在半径和力不变时，橡皮塞质量如何影响圆周运动周期。

• Explore the factors that determine the maximum speed of a ball on a string without breaking.

  探究在绳不拉断的情况下，系绳小球的最大速度由哪些因素决定。

• Measure the value of g by analysing the motion of a small satellite in PhET simulation.

  通过分析 PhET 模拟中的小卫星运动来测量重力加速度 g 值。

• Investigate how the distance between two masses affects the gravitational force using a Cavendish-like setup (simulation or video).

  用类似卡文迪什的装置（模拟或视频）研究两质量间距离如何影响引力。

• Study the relationship between the orbital period and orbital radius for moons of Jupiter in a simulation.

  在模拟中研究木星卫星的轨道周期与轨道半径的关系。

• Determine the centripetal acceleration of a turntable at different distances from the centre.

  测定转盘上不同位置处的向心加速度。

• Explore how the banking angle of a curved track affects the speed of a model car.

  探究弯曲轨道倾斜角如何影响模型车的速度。

• Investigate the relationship between vertical and horizontal tension in a conical pendulum for different cone angles.

  研究锥摆在不同锥角时竖直与水平张力的关系。

• Measure gravity using a simple pendulum and investigate the effect of large amplitudes on the period.

  用单摆测量重力，并研究大振幅对周期的影响。

• Study how the centripetal force varies with radius for an orbiting bung using a force sensor.

  用力传感器研究绕转橡皮塞的向心力随半径如何变化。

• Investigate the motion of a marble rolling inside a conical bowl and compare with pendulum models.

  研究弹珠在圆锥碗内的滚动并与摆模型比较。

• Determine how the gravitational field inside a tall building varies using a gravimeter app.

  用重力计应用测定高楼内引力场如何变化。

• Explore the validity of Kepler’s third law for the solar system using planetary data.

  用行星数据探索太阳系开普勒第三定律的有效性。

• Study the relationship between the frequency of a rotating platform and the angle of a suspended pendulum.

  研究旋转平台频率与悬挂摆角的关系。

• Investigate the effect of string length on the breaking frequency of a whirling bung.

  研究细绳长度对绕转橡皮塞断裂频率的影响。

• Measure the centripetal force on a mass inside a spinning bucket of water.

  测量旋转水桶中水质量所受的向心力。

• Explore how the orbital velocity depends on radius for a gravitationally bound twin-star simulation.

  在引力束缚的双星模拟中探究轨道速度如何依赖于半径。

• Determine the gravitational field strength on a playground roundabout using a hanging mass and protractor.

  用悬挂重物和量角器测定游乐场旋转台处的引力场强度。

3. Oscillations & Waves | 振动与波动

These 20 IA ideas involve simple harmonic motion, wave speed, standing waves and resonance. Common apparatus includes springs, pendulums, slinkies, tuning forks and water ripple tanks.

这 20 个 IA 想法涉及简谐运动、波速、驻波和共振。常用器材包括弹簧、单摆、弹簧圈、音叉和水波槽。

• Investigate how the mass attached to a spring affects the period of oscillation.

  研究悬挂在弹簧上的质量如何影响振动周期。

• Determine the relationship between the length of a pendulum and its period for small angles.

  测定单摆摆长与周期在小角度下的关系。

• Explore the effect of damping by immersing a mass-spring system in water and measure the decay constant.

  探究将弹簧振子浸入水中的阻尼效应并测量衰减常数。

• Study how the frequency of a standing wave on a string depends on tension and linear density.

  研究弦上驻波频率如何取决于张力和线密度。

• Measure the speed of sound in air using a resonant tube and tuning fork.

  用共振管和音叉测量空气中的声速。

• Investigate the relationship between the tube length and the resonant frequency for open and closed pipes.

  研究开管和闭管中管长与共振频率的关系。

• Determine the spring constant of a rubber band by analysing its oscillating mass system.

  通过分析橡皮筋的振子体系测定其劲度系数。

• Explore how water depth affects the speed of water waves in a ripple tank.

  在水波槽中探究水深如何影响水波速度。

• Study the phenomenon of beats by superimposing two slightly detuned signals from smartphone apps.

  利用智能手机应用叠加两个稍许失谐的信号研究拍现象。

• Investigate the damping of a bar pendulum due to a magnetic brake.

  研究磁制动引起的棒摆阻尼。

• Determine the effect of mass distribution on the period of a physical pendulum.

  测定质量分布对物理摆周期的影响。

• Study the relationship between the driving frequency and the amplitude of a forced oscillator.

  研究强迫振子驱动频率与振幅的关系。

• Investigate the speed of a transverse pulse along a spring and how it varies with tension.

  研究弹簧上横脉冲的速度及其如何随张力变化。

• Analyse the superposition of two waves on a string to find the resulting amplitude and nodes.

  分析弦上两列波的叠加，确定合振幅和波节。

• Measure the frequency of a guitar string and investigate how it changes with finger position.

  测量吉他弦的频率并研究其如何随手指位置变化。

• Explore the Doppler effect using a smartphone microphone and a moving source.

  用智能手机麦克风和移动声源探索多普勒效应。

• Investigate the reflection of water waves from different barrier shapes in a ripple tank.

  在水波槽中研究水波从不同形状障碍物的反射。

• Study the resonance of wine glasses and how the natural frequency depends on water volume.

  研究酒杯的共振以及固有频率如何取决于水量。

• Determine the speed of longitudinal waves in a slinky by timing pulse returns.

  通过计时脉冲往返确定弹簧圈中纵波的速度。

• Explore the relationship between the amplitude of a pendulum and its maximum angular acceleration.

  探究单摆振幅与其最大角加速度的关系。

4. Thermal Physics | 热学

These 20 IA ideas deal with temperature, heat transfer, specific heat capacity, gas laws and thermodynamic processes. Digital thermometers, calorimeters and pressure sensors are frequently used.

这 20 个 IA 想法涉及温度、热传递、比热容、气体定律和热力学过程。常用数字温度计、量热器和压强传感器。

• Investigate how the rate of cooling of hot water depends on the ambient temperature.

  研究热水冷却速率如何取决于环境温度。

• Determine the specific heat capacity of a metal by the method of mixtures.

  用混合法测定金属的比热容。

• Study the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature (Boyle’s law).

  研究一定质量气体在恒温下压强与体积的关系（波义耳定律）。

• Investigate how the volume of a gas changes with temperature at constant pressure (Charles’s law).

  研究在恒压下气体体积随温度如何变化（查理定律）。

• Explore the pressure-temperature relationship for a fixed volume of gas (Gay-Lussac’s law).

  探究一定体积气体压强与温度的关系（盖-吕萨克定律）。

• Measure the latent heat of vaporisation of water by monitoring mass loss and power input.

  通过监测质量损失和输入功率测量水的汽化潜热。

• Determine the efficiency of an electric kettle in converting electrical energy to thermal energy.

  测定电热水壶将电能转化为热能的效率。

• Study how colour and surface texture affect the absorption of thermal radiation.

  研究颜色和表面纹理如何影响热辐射的吸收。

• Investigate the cooling curve of a substance such as candle wax or stearic acid and identify phase changes.

  研究蜡烛或硬脂酸等物质的冷却曲线并识别相变。

• Explore the relationship between the thermal conductivity of a rod and the temperature gradient along it.

  探究棒的热导率与沿棒温度梯度的关系。

• Determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice using a calorimeter and warm water.

  用量热器和温水测定冰的熔解比潜热。

• Investigate how the thickness of an insulating material affects the rate of heat loss from a container.

  研究绝热材料厚度如何影响容器热损失速率。

• Study the effect of stirring on the temperature distribution in a fluid.

  研究搅拌对流体中温度分布的影响。

• Measure the thermal expansion of a metal rod and calculate its linear expansion coefficient.

  测量金属棒的热膨胀并计算线膨胀系数。

• Investigate how the temperature of an electric motor affects its resistance and efficiency.

  研究电动机温度如何影响其电阻和效率。

• Explore the relationship between the power supplied to an immersion heater and the rate of temperature rise of water.

  探究供给浸没式加热器的功率与水温升高速率的关系。

• Model Newton’s law of cooling using a data logger and determine the cooling constant.

  用数据采集器模拟牛顿冷却定律并确定冷却常数。

• Determine the adiabatic index of air using a Clement-Desormes experiment (simulated).

  用克莱门-德索姆实验（模拟）测定空气的绝热指数。

• Investigate the relationship between the pressure drop of a balloon deflating through a nozzle and the nozzle diameter.

  研究气球通过喷嘴放气时压降与喷嘴直径的关系。

• Study the PV diagram of a syringe with a built-in pressure sensor during slow compression and expansion.

  利用带压强传感器的注射器研究缓慢压缩和膨胀时的 PV 图。

5. Electricity & Circuits | 电学与电路

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