📚 IB Physics Formula Handbook | IB物理公式汇总手册
Welcome to the comprehensive IB Physics formula handbook, covering all essential equations from the IB Diploma Programme Physics course. This quick-reference guide encompasses mechanics, thermal physics, waves, electricity, atomic physics, relativity, and more, designed to support memorisation and application in exams.
欢迎使用本 IB 物理公式汇总手册，涵盖 IB 文凭物理课程所有核心公式。这份速查表整理了力学、热学、波、电学、原子物理和相对论等内容，帮助你记忆并灵活运用于考试。
1. Measurements and Uncertainties | 测量与不确定度
Absolute uncertainty: If a measured value is given as x ± Δx, Δx represents the absolute uncertainty.
绝对不确定度：若测得值为 x ± Δx，Δx 即为绝对不确定度。
Fractional uncertainty = Δx / x ; Percentage uncertainty = (Δx / x) × 100%.
相对不确定度 = Δx / x；百分不确定度 = (Δx / x) × 100%。
For addition/subtraction, combine absolute uncertainties: if z = x + y or z = x − y, then Δz = Δx + Δy.
加减运算的不确定度传播：若 z = x + y 或 z = x − y，则 Δz = Δx + Δy。
For multiplication/division, add fractional uncertainties: if z = x y or z = x / y, then Δz/z = Δx/x + Δy/y.
乘除运算时，合成相对不确定度：若 z = x y 或 z = x / y，则 Δz/z = Δx/x + Δy/y。
2. Mechanics: Kinematics | 力学：运动学
For constant linear acceleration: v = u + a t
匀变速直线运动速度公式：v = u + a t
Displacement: s = u t + ½ a t2
位移公式：s = u t + ½ a t2
Velocity–displacement relation: v2 = u2 + 2 a s
速度–位移关系：v2 = u2 + 2 a s
Projectile motion: horizontal component vx = u cos θ ; vertical component vy = u sin θ − g t
抛体运动：水平分量 vx = u cos θ；竖直分量 vy = u sin θ − g t
Horizontal range: R = (u2 sin 2θ) / g
水平射程：R = (u2 sin 2θ) / g
3. Mechanics: Dynamics | 力学：动力学
Newton’s second law: ΣF = m a
牛顿第二定律：ΣF = m a
Frictional force: f = μ N (μ coefficient of friction, N normal reaction)
摩擦力：f = μ N（μ 为摩擦系数，N 为正压力）
Momentum: p = m v ; Impulse: J = Δp = F Δt
动量：p = m v；冲量：J = Δp = F Δt
Work done: W = F s cos θ ; Kinetic energy: Ek = ½ m v2 ; Gravitational potential energy: Ep = m g h
功：W = F s cos θ；动能：Ek = ½ m v2；重力势能：Ep = m g h
Power: P = W / t = F v (constant force parallel to velocity)
功率：P = W / t = F v（力与速度同向时）
Efficiency: η = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%
效率：η =（有用能量输出 / 总输入能量）× 100%
4. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与万有引力
Centripetal acceleration: ac = v2 / r = ω2 r
向心加速度：ac = v2 / r = ω2 r
Centripetal force: Fc = m v2 / r = m ω2 r
向心力：Fc = m v2 / r = m ω
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