📚 IGCSE CCEA Physics: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE CCEA 物理：思维导图速记
This article provides a condensed mind–map revision guide for IGCSE CCEA Physics. Each section distils a core topic into key concepts, essential equations, and memorable connections – all presented in bilingual pairs to support both English and Chinese learners. Use these mental maps to strengthen recall and link ideas across the syllabus.
本文提供 IGCSE CCEA 物理的浓缩思维导图式复习指南。每个单元把核心主题提炼成关键概念、必背公式和易于记忆的联系——全部以中英配对呈现，帮助双语学习者巩固记忆并串联全考纲知识点。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
The central idea is that an unbalanced force causes acceleration. In the mind map, start with velocity and acceleration – velocity is speed in a given direction; acceleration is change in velocity per unit time.
核心概念是不平衡力导致加速度。在思维导图中，从速度和加速度入手——速度是带有方向的速度；加速度是单位时间内速度的变化量。
Newton’s first law: an object stays at rest or moves uniformly unless a resultant force acts. Second law: F = m × a, where force is in newtons (N), mass in kg, acceleration in m/s². Third law: forces come in pairs – action and reaction on different bodies.
牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非有合外力作用。第二定律：F = m × a，力单位牛，质量千克，加速度米每秒平方。第三定律：力成对出现——作用力与反作用力作用在不同物体上。
Link these to graphs: distance–time gradient gives speed; velocity–time gradient gives acceleration, area under gives displacement. For uniform acceleration, use equations of motion (SUVAT): v = u + at, s = ut + ½ at², v² = u² + 2as, where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time, s = displacement.
将这些与图像关联：距离–时间图的斜率给出速度；速度–时间图的斜率给出加速度，图下面积给出位移。对于匀加速运动，使用运动学方程：v = u + at，s = ut + ½ at²，v² = u² + 2as，其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，a 为加速度，t 为时间，s 为位移。
Momentum p = mv is conserved in collisions. Impulse = change in momentum = F t. Include terminal velocity: when weight = air resistance, net force = 0, speed constant.
动量 p = mv 在碰撞中守恒。冲量 = 动量变化 = F t。包含终端速度：当重力与空气阻力平衡时，合外力为零，速度恒定。
2. Energy | 能量
Visualise energy forms: kinetic (KE = ½ mv²), gravitational potential (GPE = mgh), elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, light, sound. The law of conservation: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored.
将能量形式可视化：动能 (KE = ½ mv²)，重力势能 (GPE = mgh)，弹性势能，内能，化学能，核能，光能，声能。守恒定律：能量不能创生或消灭，只能转移或储存。
Work done = force × distance moved in direction of force (W = F d). Power = work done / time (P = W/t) or energy transferred / time. Efficiency = useful output / total input (× 100%).
做功 = 力 × 沿力的方向移动的距离 (W = F d)。功率 = 做功 / 时间 (P = W/t) 或转移的能量 / 时间。效率 = 有用的输出能量 / 总输入能量 (× 100%)。
Energy resources: renewable (solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass) vs non–renewable (fossil fuels, nuclear). Sankey diagrams show energy transfers and waste.
能源：可再生（太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水力、地热、生物质能）与不可再生（化石燃料、核能）。桑基图显示能量转移和损耗。
In thermal energy: specific heat capacity c = Q / (m Δθ). Conduction, convection, radiation – good conductors (metals) vs insulators. Infrared radiation is emitted and absorbed by all objects.
在热能中：比热容 c = Q / (m Δθ)。传导、对流、辐射——良导体（金属）与绝缘体。所有物体都能发射和吸收红外辐射。
3. Waves | 波
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Two main types: transverse (oscillation perpendicular to direction of travel, e.g. light, water waves) and longitudinal (oscillation parallel, e.g. sound, ultrasound).
波传递能量而不传递物质。两类主要形式：横波（振动方向垂直于传播方向，如光、水波）和纵波（振动方向平行于传播方向，如声音、超声波）。
Key quantities: frequency f = 1/T (T period), wave speed v = f λ (λ wavelength). Speed depends on medium. The wave equation is central.
关键物理量：频率 f = 1/T（T 周期），波速 v = f λ（λ 波长）。波速取决于介质。波动方程是核心。
Reflection, refraction, diffraction. Refraction: when wave enters new medium at an angle, speed (and wavelength) changes, direction bends. Diffraction: spreading of waves around obstacles or gaps, greatest when gap ≈ λ.
反射、折射、衍射。折射：波以一定角度进入新介质时，速率（和波长）改变，方向偏折。衍射：波绕过障碍物或小孔扩散的现象，当缝宽与波长相当（≈ λ）时最明显。
Electromagnetic spectrum: order by decreasing wavelength – radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X–ray, gamma. All travel at c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum. Uses and dangers linked to frequency/energy.
电磁波谱：按波长递减顺序——无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中速率 c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。用途和危害与频率/能量相关。
4. Electricity | 电学
Current I = charge / time (Q = I t). Charge measured in coulombs (C). Conventional current flows from positive to negative; electron flow is opposite.
电流 I = 电荷量 / 时间 (Q = I t)。电荷单位库仑。约定电流方向为正到负；电子流方向相反。
Potential difference V = energy transferred per coulomb (W = QV). Resistance R = V / I (Ohm’s law for ohmic conductors). Series: I same, V splits, R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … Parallel: V same, I splits, 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
电势差 V = 每库仑电荷转移的能量 (W = QV)。电阻 R = V / I（对欧姆导体成立）。串联：电流相等，电压分压，总电阻 R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … 并联：电压相等，电流分流，1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
IV characteristics: fixed resistor (straight line through origin), filament lamp (curve due to heating), diode (forward bias above ~0.6V conducts). Diodes allow current in one direction.
I–V 特性曲线：固定电阻器（过原点直线），灯丝灯泡（因发热而弯曲），二极管（正向偏压约 0.6V 以上导通）。二极管只允许单向导电。
Household electricity: live, neutral, earth wires. Fuses and circuit breakers for safety. Power P = I V = I² R = V² / R. Energy transferred E = P t. Meter measures kilowatt–hours (kW h).
家庭电路：火线、零线、地线。保险丝和断路器用于安全保护。电功率 P = I V = I² R = V² / R。传递的电能 E = P t。电表计量千瓦时 (kW h)。
5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnets have north (N) and south (S) poles; like poles repel, unlike attract. Magnetic field lines go from N to S. Earth’s magnetic pole near geographic south is actually a magnetic south (attracts N of compass).
磁铁有北极 (N) 和南极 (S)；同名相斥，异名相吸。磁感线方向从 N 到 S。地球地理南极附近实际上是地磁南极（吸引指南针的北极）。
Electromagnetism: a current–carrying conductor produces a magnetic field. Right–hand grip rule: thumb in current direction, fingers give field direction. A coil (solenoid) enhances field, behaves like a bar magnet.
电磁：载流导体产生磁场。右手螺旋法则：拇指指向电流方向，四指弯曲表示磁场方向。线圈（螺线管）增强磁场，类似条形磁铁。
Motor effect: a current–carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force. Fleming’s left–hand rule: thumb = force, first finger = field (N→S), second finger = current (+ to –). Force F = B I L sin θ (for perpendicular, θ = 90°, sin = 1).
电动机效应：磁场中的载流导线受到力的作用。弗莱明左手定则：拇指 = 力，食指 = 磁场 (N→S)，中指 = 电流 (+ 到 –)。力 F = B I L sin θ（垂直时 θ = 90°，sin 为 1）。
Generator effect: moving a wire through a magnetic field (or changing magnetic field) induces p.d. Fleming’s right–hand rule for induced current (dynamo rule). Transformers work on AC: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns; power input ≈ power output (ideal).
发电机效应：导线在磁场中运动（或变化的磁场）会感应出电势差。用弗莱明右手定则判断感生电流（发电机定则）。变压器利用交流电工作：Vp/Vs = Np/Ns；输入功率 ≈ 输出功率（理想）。
6. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Temperature (Kelvin scale: T/K = θ/°C + 273) measures average kinetic energy of particles. Absolute zero (0 K) is where particle motion ceases.
温度（开氏温标：T/K = θ/°C + 273）衡量粒子平均动能。绝对零度 (0 K) 是粒子运动停止的温度。
States of matter: solid (fixed shape, regular arrangement), liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape), gas (no fixed shape or volume). Evaporation and condensation; boiling occurs when saturated vapour pressure = external pressure.
物质状态：固体（形状固定，规则排列），液体（体积固定，形状不固定），气体（形状体积均不固定）。蒸发与冷凝；当饱和蒸气压等于外界压强时发生沸腾。
Specific latent heat L = Q / m. Lf for fusion (solid ↔ liquid), Lv for vaporisation (liquid ↔ gas). During change of state, temperature remains constant while energy is absorbed.
比潜热 L = Q / m。Lf 为熔化潜热（固 ↔ 液），Lv 为汽化潜热（液 ↔ 气）。状态变化期间温度保持不变，同时吸收能量。
Gas laws: Boyle’s (pV = constant at constant T), Charles’ (V ∝ T at constant p), Pressure law (p ∝ T at constant V). Combine to pV/T = constant. Use in particle theory: pressure due to collisions.
气体定律：波义耳定律 (pV = 常数，等温)，查理定律 (V ∝ T，等压)，压强定律 (p ∝ T，等容)。组合为 pV/T = 常数。用粒子理论解释：压强源于粒子碰撞。
7. Atomic Physics and Radioactivity | 原子物理与放射性
Atom: nucleus (protons + neutrons) with electrons in shells. Proton number Z = atomic number, nucleon number A = mass number. Isotopes: same Z, different A.
原子：原子核（质子 + 中子）与壳层中的电子。质子数 Z = 原子序数，核子数 A = 质量数。同位素：质子数相同，中子数不同。
Radioactivity: α (helium nucleus, ⁴₂He), β (high–speed electron) and γ (electromagnetic wave). Penetration: α stopped by paper, β by few mm Al, γ reduced by thick lead. Ionising power: α high, γ low. Detection by Geiger–Müller tube.
放射性：α（氦核，⁴₂He），β（高速电子）和 γ（电磁波）。穿透力：α 被纸阻挡，β 被几毫米铝阻挡，γ 需厚铅削弱。电离能力：α 强，γ 弱。用盖革–米勒管探测。
Half–life: time for half the nuclei in a sample to decay. Activity (Bq) = decays per second. Nuclear equations balance mass and charge numbers.
半衰期：样品中半数原子核衰变所需时间。活度 (Bq) = 每秒衰变次数。核反应方程式保持质量数和电荷数守恒。
Fission: heavy nucleus splits, releasing energy. Fusion: light nuclei combine. Both release energy due to mass defect – E = m c², where m is mass lost in kg, c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.
裂变：重核分裂，释放能量。聚变：轻核结合。两者均因质量亏损而释放能量 – E = m c²，m 为亏损质量 (kg)，c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。
8. Space Physics (CCEA IGCSE) | 空间物理（CCEA IGCSE）
The Earth rotates on its axis once per day, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once per year. The Moon orbits Earth, causing phases and eclipses.
地球自转一周为一天，引起昼夜交替；公转一周为一年。月球绕地球运行，引起月相和食。
Solar System: from Sun outwards – rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), asteroid belt, gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn), ice giants (Uranus, Neptune). Comets have highly elliptical orbits.
太阳系：由内而外——类地行星（水星、金星、地球、火星），小行星带，气态巨行星（木星、土星），冰巨星（天王星、海王星）。彗星轨道极其椭圆。
Origin of the Universe: Big Bang theory – universe expanded from hot, dense state. Evidence includes galactic red–shift (moving away) and cosmic microwave background radiation. The Doppler effect: observed frequency increases as source approaches, decreases as it recedes.
宇宙起源：大爆炸理论——宇宙从极热极密的奇点膨胀形成。证据包括星系红移（远离）和宇宙微波背景辐射。多普勒效应：波源接近时观测频率升高，远离时频率降低。
Life cycle of stars: nebula → protostar → main sequence (fusion of H to He). After H depletion, star becomes red giant or red supergiant. Low–mass star → planetary nebula → white dwarf → black dwarf. High–mass star → supernova → neutron star or black hole.
恒星生命周期：星云 → 原恒星 → 主序星（氢聚变成氦）。氢耗尽后，恒星变为红巨星或红超巨星。小质量星 → 行星状星云 → 白矮星 → 黑矮星。大质量星 → 超新星 → 中子星或黑洞。
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