📚 IGCSE Physics: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IGCSE 物理：期末复习提纲
As the end of term approaches, it is time to bring together all the core topics in IGCSE Physics. This revision guide is designed to help you review the most important concepts, equations, and problem-solving strategies. Use it alongside your class notes and past papers to identify gaps and reinforce understanding.
随着期末临近，是时候把 IGCSE 物理的所有核心主题整合起来。这份复习提纲旨在帮助你回顾最重要的概念、方程和解题策略。请结合课堂笔记与历年真题使用，找出薄弱环节，巩固理解。
1. Revision Tips & Exam Techniques | 复习技巧与考试策略
Start your revision early and draw up a realistic timetable. Break the syllabus into manageable sections and assign more time to topics you find difficult. Active recall, such as testing yourself without looking at notes, is far more effective than simply re-reading the textbook.
尽早开始复习，制定一个切实可行的时间表。将考纲分解为易于掌握的小块，并给你觉得困难的主题分配更多时间。不看笔记进行自测等主动回忆，远比单纯重读课本有效。
Practise past papers under timed conditions. This helps you get used to the style of questions, improve time management, and spot common command words like ‘state’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’ and ‘calculate’. Always check the mark scheme afterwards to learn how marks are awarded.
在限时条件下练习历年真题。这有助于你熟悉题型、提升时间管理能力，并识别常见指令词，如 ‘state’、’describe’、’explain’ 和 ‘calculate’。做完后一定要看评分标准，了解如何得分。
Make a formula sheet with all the key equations, their units, and when to use them. In the exam, show your working clearly and always include units in your final answer.
制作一张公式表，列出所有关键方程、单位及使用条件。考试时要清晰地写出解题步骤，并在最终答案里始终标明单位。
If you get stuck on a question, move on and return to it later. The IGCSE Physics paper often includes some longer multi-step problems at the end, so leave enough time for those.
如果被某道题卡住，先跳过，稍后再回来。IGCSE 物理试卷末尾常有一些较长的多步计算题，所以要留够时间。
2. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
It is essential to distinguish between scalar and vector quantities. Scalars, such as speed and distance, have magnitude only. Vectors, such as velocity and force, have both magnitude and direction. This difference affects how we add and describe quantities.
区分标量与矢量很关键。速率、路程等标量只有大小；速度、力等矢量既有大小也有方向。这一区别影响我们对量的相加与描述方式。
The average speed of an object is total distance divided by total time. However, velocity is displacement divided by time, and can be zero even if distance is travelled. Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time: a = (v – u) / t, where u is initial velocity and v is final velocity.
物体的平均速率等于总路程除以总时间。而速度是位移除以时间，即使运动了一段路程，速度也可能为零。加速度是单位时间内速度的变化量：a = (v – u) / t，其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度。
Motion can be represented on distance-time and velocity-time graphs. The gradient of a distance-time graph gives speed, while the gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration. The area under a velocity-time graph represents displacement.
运动可用路程-时间图和速度-时间图表示。路程-时间图的斜率代表速率，速度-时间图的斜率代表加速度。速度-时间图下的面积表示位移。
Newton’s laws of motion form the basis of forces. An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. The resultant force equals mass times acceleration: F = m a. Weight is the force of gravity on a mass: W = m g.
牛顿运动定律构成了力的基础。物体在不受合力作用时将保持静止或匀速直线运动。合力等于质量乘以加速度：F = m a。重量是作用在物体上的重力：W = m g。
Momentum p = m v is conserved in a closed system with no external forces. The change in momentum is related to impulse, Ft = Δ(m v). This helps explain safety features like seat belts and crumple zones.
动量 p = m v 在无外力作用的封闭系统中守恒。动量变化与冲量相关，Ft = Δ(m v)。这有助于理解安全带、碰撞缓冲区的安全功能。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Energy exists in many forms, including kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, and nuclear. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
能量有多种形式，包括动能、重力势能、热能、化学能和核能。能量守恒原理指出，能量既不能创造也不会消灭，只能转移或转化。
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force: W = F d. Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t. The unit of power is the watt (W), and the unit of work is the joule (J).
当力使物体沿力的方向移动时便做了功：W = F d。功率是做功或传递能量的速率：P = W / t。功率的单位是瓦特 (W)，功的单位是焦耳 (J)。
Kinetic energy KE = ½ m v² and gravitational potential energy GPE = m g h. In many systems, energy transfers between these two forms, assuming no resistive forces.
动能 KE = ½ m v²，重力势能 GPE = m g h。在许多系统里，若没有阻力，能量会在这两种形式之间转换。
Efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage: efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%. No real machine is 100% efficient due to energy losses, usually as heat.
效率是有用能量输出与总能量输入的比值，通常以百分比表示：效率 = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。由于能量损耗（通常以热的形式），真实的机器不可能达到 100% 的效率。
Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are increasingly important. You should be able to compare their advantages and disadvantages with non-renewable sources like fossil fuels.
太阳能、风能、水力发电等可再生能源愈发重要。你应能够比较它们与化石燃料等不可再生能源的优缺点。
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
The kinetic particle model explains the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle arrangement, motion, and spacing. Heating increases the kinetic energy of particles, leading to expansion or change of state.
分子动理论用粒子的排列、运动和间距来解释固体、液体和气体的行为。加热会增加粒子的动能，导致膨胀或状态变化。
Brownian motion provides evidence for the random motion of particles in a fluid. In a gas, pressure is caused by particles colliding with the walls of a container. The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in kelvin): p ∝ T.
布朗运动是流体中粒子随机运动的证据。气体中，压强由粒子与容器壁碰撞引起。在体积不变时，一定质量气体的压强与其绝对温度（开尔文）成正比：p ∝ T。
When a substance is heated, its temperature rises until it reaches a change of state. Specific heat capacity c is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C: ΔE = m c Δθ. Specific latent heat L is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg at constant temperature: E = m L.
物质被加热时，温度上升，直至发生物态变化。比热容 c 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量：ΔE = m c Δθ。比潜热 L 是在恒温下使 1 kg 物质改变状态所需的能量：E = m L。
Evaporation differs from boiling; it occurs at the surface and at any temperature, causing cooling. Cooling by evaporation explains how sweating helps to regulate body temperature.
蒸发与沸腾不同；它发生在液体表面，可在任意温度下进行，并导致冷却。蒸发致冷可解释出汗如何调节体温。
5. Waves | 波动
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. In transverse waves, such as light and water ripples, oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. In longitudinal waves, such as sound, oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel.
波传递能量而不传递物质。在横波（如光、水波）中，振动方向与波的传播方向垂直。在纵波（如声波）中，振动方向与传播方向平行。
Key wave properties include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and wave speed. The wave equation links them: v = f λ. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum, approximately 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.
波的主要特性包括振幅、波长、频率和波速。波的基本方程为：v = f λ。所有电磁波在真空中的传播速度相同，约为 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。
Reflection obeys the law of reflection: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is the change in direction when a wave enters a medium of different optical density; this is described by Snell’s law. Diffraction is the spreading of waves around obstacles or through gaps.
反射遵循反射定律：入射角等于反射角。折射是波进入光密度不同的介质时发生的方向改变；可用斯涅尔定律描述。衍射是波绕过障碍物或穿过缝隙时的扩展现象。
The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency, includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Each region has unique uses and dangers.
电磁波谱按频率递增的顺序包括：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。每个波段都有独特的用途和潜在危害。
Sound waves require a medium and travel fastest in solids. The pitch of a sound is determined by frequency, and loudness by amplitude. An oscilloscope can display sound waves, allowing comparison of these properties.
声波需要介质，在固体中传播最快。音调由频率决定，响度由振幅决定。示波器能够显示声波，方便比较这些特征。
6. Electricity | 电学
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge: I = Q / t. In a metal, current consists of moving electrons, while conventional current flows from positive to negative. Voltage (potential difference) is the energy transferred per unit charge: V = E / Q.
电流是电荷流动的速率：I = Q / t。在金属中，电流由移动的电子构成，而传统电流方向为正电荷流向负电荷。电压（电势差）是每单位电荷转移的能量：V = E / Q。
Resistance R = V / I opposes the flow of current. Ohm’s law states that for a metallic conductor at constant temperature, the current is directly proportional to the voltage. However, components like filament lamps and diodes are non-ohmic.
电阻 R = V / I 阻碍电流流动。欧姆定律指出，对恒温下的金属导体，电流与电压成正比。然而，灯丝灯泡和二极管等元件不遵守欧姆定律。
In series circuits, the current is the same everywhere and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … In parallel circuits, the total current splits, and the total resistance is found using 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电阻等于各电阻之和：R_total = R₁ + R₂ + …在并联电路中，总电流分流，总电阻的倒数等于各电阻倒数之和：1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
Electrical power and energy are given by P = I V and E = I V t. Household electricity uses alternating current (AC), while batteries supply direct current (DC). Fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits from overloading.
电功率和电能的公式为 P = I V 和 E = I V t。家庭用电使用交流电 (AC)，电池提供直流电 (DC)。保险丝和断路器可保护电路免于过载。
Be familiar with standard circuit symbols and able to draw and interpret circuit diagrams. Common components include fixed resistors, variable resistors, lamps, diodes, LEDs, and thermistors.
要熟悉标准电路符号，并能绘制和解读电路图。常见元件包括固定电阻、可变电阻、灯泡、二极管、发光二极管 (LED) 和热敏电阻。
7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
A magnet has a north and a south pole. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines show the direction of force on a north pole, running from north to south outside the magnet. The Earth has a magnetic field that protects us from solar wind.
磁铁拥有北极和南极。同名极相斥，异名极相吸。磁感线表示作用在北极上的力的方向，在磁铁外部从北极指向南极。地球磁场保护我们免受太阳风侵害。
An electromagnet consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core. The magnetic field strength can be increased by increasing the current, adding more turns to the coil, or using a softer iron core.
电磁铁由绕在软铁芯上的线圈构成。增大电流、增加线圈匝数或使用更软的铁芯都能增强磁场强度。
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. Fleming’s left-hand rule helps to predict the direction of force, magnetic field, and current. This motor effect is used in electric motors and loudspeakers.
当载流导体置于磁场中时，会受到力的作用。弗莱明左手定则可用于判断力、磁场及电流的方向。这一电动机效应被应用于电动机和扬声器。
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines, inducing a voltage. The generator effect is the basis of generators and dynamos. The size of the induced voltage can be increased by moving the conductor faster, using a stronger magnet, or increasing the number of turns on the coil.
当导体切割磁感线时，会发生电磁感应，产生感应电压。发电机效应是发电机和直流发电机的原理。加快导体运动速度、使用更强的磁铁或增加线圈匝数都可以增大感应电压。
Transformers change alternating voltages using two coils wound on an iron core. For an ideal transformer, Vp / Vs = Np / Ns. Step-up transformers increase voltage for long-distance transmission, reducing energy lost as heat in power lines.
变压器利用绕在铁芯上的两个线圈改变交流电压。对理想变压器，Vp / Vs = Np / Ns。升压变压器提高电压用于远距离输电，减少电力线以热形式损失的能量。
8. Atomic and Nuclear Physics | 原子与核物理
The nuclear model of the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels. The atomic number Z equals the number of protons, and the mass number A equals the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes have the same Z but different A.
原子的核模型由包含质子和中子的小而致密的原子核，以及处于不同能级的环绕电子组成。原子序数 Z 等于质子数，质量数 A 等于质子数与中子数之和。同位素的 Z 相同而 A 不同。
Radioactive decay is a random process in which an unstable nucleus emits alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are fast electrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. Each type has different ionising power and penetrating ability.
放射性衰变是一种随机过程，不稳定的原子核放出 α、β 或 γ 辐射。α 粒子是氦核，β 粒子是高速电子，γ 射线是电磁波。每种辐射的电离能力和穿透能力各不相同。
Half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It can be found from a decay graph and is used in carbon dating and radioactive tracers. Background radiation comes from natural sources like rocks, cosmic rays, and living organisms.
半衰期是样品中一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间。可通过衰变曲线获得，并用于碳定年法和放射性示踪剂。背景辐射来自岩石、宇宙射线和生物体等天然来源。
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller ones, releasing a huge amount of energy. Chain reactions are controlled in nuclear reactors. Nuclear fusion is the joining of small nuclei to form a larger one, the process that powers the Sun.
核裂变是一个大原子核分裂成两个较小的原子核，释放巨大能量。链式反应在核反应堆中得到控制。核聚变是小原子核结合成较大原子核，是为太阳提供能量的过程。
Radiation safety measures include using tongs, shielding with lead, and minimising exposure time. Detectors such as Geiger-Müller tubes and cloud chambers help to observe radioactive emissions.
辐射安全措施包括使用夹子、铅屏蔽和尽量减少暴露时间。盖革-米勒计数管和云室等探测器有助于观察放射性发射。
9. Space Physics | 空间物理
The Solar System consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids and comets. Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, and the strength of the Sun’s gravitational pull keeps them in orbit. The orbital speed of a planet decreases with increasing distance from the Sun.
太阳系由太阳、行星、卫星、小行星和彗星组成。行星沿椭圆轨道绕太阳运行，太阳的引力使它们保持在轨道上。行星的轨道速度随着到太阳距离的增加而减小。
The life cycle of a star depends on its mass. A star like the Sun will eventually become a red giant, then shed its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a white dwarf. More massive stars may explode as supernovae, leaving neutron stars or black holes.
恒星的生命周期取决于其质量。像太阳这样的恒星最终会变成红巨星，然后抛出外层形成行星状星云，留下白矮星。质量更大的恒星可能以超新星形式爆发，留下中子星或黑洞。
The expanding Universe is supported by redshift: light from distant galaxies is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, indicating they are moving away from us. The further away a galaxy is, the faster it recedes, which supports the Big Bang theory.
宇宙膨胀的证据来自红移：来自遥远星系的光向光谱红色端移动，表明它们正在远离我们。星系越远，退行速度越快，这支持了大爆炸理论。
Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is the remnant heat from the Big Bang, filling all space almost uniformly. The abundance of light elements such as hydrogen and helium also agrees with Big Bang predictions.
宇宙微波背景辐射 (CMBR) 是大爆炸的残余热量，几乎均匀地充满整个宇宙。氢、氦等轻元素的丰度也与大爆炸理论的预测相符。
10. Practical Skills and Experiments | 实践技能与实验
IGCSE Physics includes a practical component where you must plan investigations, take measurements, and analyse data. Always identify independent, dependent, and control variables when designing an experiment.
IGCSE 物理包含实验部分，要求你规划探究、进行测量并分析数据。设计实验时，务必识别自变量、因变量和控制变量。
Common experiments involve measuring density using a balance and a measuring cylinder, investigating the factors affecting the period of a pendulum, and determining the speed of sound using echoes. For each, record results in a clearly labelled table.
常见实验包括用天平和量筒测量密度、探究影响单摆周期的因素，以及利用回声测定声速。每次实验都应把结果记录在标注清晰的表格中。
When plotting graphs, use a sharp pencil, label axes with quantities and units, and draw a line of best fit. The gradient of a straight line often corresponds to a physical quantity; for example, the gradient of a current-voltage graph is 1/R for a resistor at constant temperature.
绘图时，使用尖铅笔，用物理量和单位标注坐标轴，并画出最佳拟合线。直线的斜率通常对应某个物理量；例如，恒温下电阻的电流-电压图斜率是 1/R。
Understand sources of error such as parallax when reading scales and zero error on measuring instruments. Repeat readings and take an average to improve reliability. Anomalous results should be identified and explained if possible.
理解误差来源，如读数时的视差和测量仪器的零误差。重复测量并取平均值以提高可靠性。应识别异常结果，并在可能时作出解释。
Safety is critical: follow all instructions, tie back long hair, and use heat-proof mats when dealing with hot apparatus. In circuits, always connect the voltmeter in parallel and the ammeter in series.
安全至关重要：遵守所有指示，束起长发，处理热装置时使用耐热垫。在电路中，始终将电压表并接，将电流表串接。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导