IGCSE WJEC Physics: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE WJEC 物理：思维导图速记

📚 IGCSE WJEC Physics: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE WJEC 物理：思维导图速记

Mind maps are powerful visual tools to organise and memorise the entire IGCSE WJEC Physics syllabus. By linking key concepts, formulas and experiments in a structured, branching layout, you can recall information faster during exams. This article provides a topic-by-topic mind map walkthrough, pairing English and Chinese explanations, designed for quick revision.

思维导图是一种强大的可视化工具，用于组织和记忆整个 IGCSE WJEC 物理课程大纲。通过将关键概念、公式和实验以结构化的分支形式连接起来，你可以在考试中更快地回忆信息。本文按主题逐步讲解思维导图，提供英中双语解释，专为快速复习而设计。

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1. Motion, Forces and Energy | 运动、力与能量

Central node: Motion & Forces – the study of how objects move and what causes them to move. From it radiate branches covering vectors, graphs, laws, momentum and mechanical energy.

中心节点：运动与力 – 研究物体如何运动以及引起运动的原因。从它辐射出的分支覆盖矢量、图像、定律、动量和机械能。

Branch 1: Scalars vs Vectors. Scalars have magnitude only (distance, speed, mass). Vectors have both magnitude and direction (displacement, velocity, force). Speed is rate of distance; velocity is rate of displacement.

分支1：标量与矢量。标量仅有大小（路程、速率、质量）。矢量既有大小又有方向（位移、速度、力）。速率是路程的变化率；速度是位移的变化率。

Branch 2: Motion Graphs. Distance-time graph: gradient = speed. Velocity-time graph: gradient = acceleration, area under graph = distance travelled. Straight lines indicate constant motion; curves indicate acceleration.

分支2：运动图像。路程-时间图：斜率 = 速率。速度-时间图：斜率 = 加速度，线下面积 = 移动距离。直线表示匀速运动；曲线表示加速度存在。

Branch 3: Newton’s Laws. 1st: object remains at rest or constant velocity unless resultant force acts. 2nd: F = ma (unbalanced force causes acceleration). 3rd: every action has equal and opposite reaction.

分支3：牛顿定律。第一定律：若无合力，物体静者恒静、动者恒沿直线匀速运动。第二定律：F = ma（不平衡力产生加速度）。第三定律：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。

Branch 4: Momentum. momentum p = mass × velocity (kg m/s). In a closed system, total momentum before collision = total momentum after. Safety features like airbags increase impact time to reduce force.

分支4：动量。动量 p = 质量 × 速度 (kg m/s)。在封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量 = 碰撞后的总动量。安全气囊等装置通过延长碰撞时间来减小冲击力。

Branch 5: Mechanical Energy. Kinetic energy KE = ½mv²; gravitational potential energy GPE = mgh; work done W = Fd (when force and distance in same direction). Energy transfers: e.g., falling object loses GPE and gains KE.

分支5：机械能。动能 KE = ½mv²；重力势能 GPE = mgh；做功 W = Fd（力与位移同向时）。能量转换：例如下落的物体损失重力势能并获得动能。

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2. Energy Resources and Power | 能源与功率

Central node: Energy – stores, transfers, power generation and efficiency. Branches highlight renewable/non-renewable sources, calculations and Sankey diagrams.

中心节点：能量 – 能量的储存、转移、发电与效率。分支突出可再生能源与不可再生能源、计算和桑基图。

Branch 1: Energy Stores and Transfers. Stores: kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, thermal (internal), nuclear, elastic. Transfers: mechanically (by a force), electrically (work done by moving charges), by heating, by radiation (light/sound).

分支1：能量储存与转移。储存形式：动能、重力势能、化学能、热能（内能）、核能、弹性势能。转移方式：通过力做机械功、电流做功、热传递、辐射（光/声）。

Branch 2: Power. Power P = work done / time = energy transferred / time. Unit: watt (W). Power measures how quickly energy is transferred.

分支2：功率。功率 P = 做的功 / 时间 = 转移的能量 / 时间。单位：瓦特 (W)。功率衡量能量转移的快慢。

Branch 3: Efficiency. Efficiency = (useful energy output) / (total energy input). Can be expressed as a decimal or percentage. No device is 100% efficient; some energy always dissipates as thermal energy.

分支3：效率。效率 = (有用输出能量) / (总输入能量)。可用小数或百分比表示。没有设备能达到 100% 效率；总会有一部分能量耗散为热能。

Branch 4: Renewable vs Non-renewable. Non-renewable: fossil fuels (chemical), nuclear fuel – limited, release CO₂ or waste. Renewable: solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric, wave, biofuels, geothermal – replenished, often weather-dependent.

分支4：可再生与不可再生。不可再生：化石燃料（化学能）、核燃料 – 储量有限，排放CO₂或产生废料。可再生：太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水力发电、波浪能、生物燃料、地热能 – 可补充，但常受天气影响。

Branch 5: Sankey Diagrams. Show energy transfers using arrows: width proportional to amount of energy. Input arrow splits into useful output and wasted energy (usually dissipated heat).

分支5：桑基图。用箭头表示能量转移：箭头宽度与能量数值成比例。输入箭头分解为有用输出和浪费的能量（通常为耗散热）。

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3. Waves | 波

Central node: Waves – vibrations that transfer energy without transferring matter. Branches: wave properties, types, behaviours, EM spectrum, sound and seismic waves.

中心节点：波 – 传递能量而不传递物质的振动。分支：波的属性、类型、行为、电磁波谱、声波和地震波。

Branch 1: Wave Properties and Equation. Amplitude (max displacement), wavelength λ, frequency f, period T = 1/f. Wave speed v = fλ. Units: m/s, Hz, m.

分支1：波的属性与方程。振幅（最大位移）、波长 λ、频率 f、周期 T = 1/f。波速 v = fλ。单位：m/s、Hz、m。

Branch 2: Transverse vs Longitudinal. Transverse waves: oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, all EM waves, water ripples). Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound, some seismic waves).

分支2：横波与纵波。横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、所有电磁波、水波）。纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声波、部分地震波）。

Branch 3: Behaviours. Reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Refraction: bending due to change in speed at boundary; towards normal if slows down. Diffraction: spreading through a gap; more noticeable when gap size ≈ wavelength.

分支3：波的行为。反射：入射角 = 反射角。折射：因界面两侧速度改变而弯曲；减速时折向法线。衍射：穿过狭缝时扩展；缝宽与波长接近时更明显。

Branch 4: Electromagnetic Spectrum. Ordered by increasing frequency/decreasing wavelength: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. All travel at 3·0 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum. Dangers: UV – skin cancer; X-ray and Gamma – ionising, cell damage.

分支4：电磁波谱。按频率升高/波长减小排序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。真空中速度均为3·0 × 10⁸ m/s。危害：紫外线 – 皮肤癌；X射线和伽马射线 – 电离、损伤细胞。

Branch 5: Sound and Seismic Waves. Sound: longitudinal, cannot travel through vacuum. Speed: solids > liquids > gases. Echo method: distance = v × t/2. Seismic: P-waves (longitudinal, faster, pass through solids/liquids), S-waves (transverse, slower, only solids).

分支5：声波与地震波。声波：纵波，不能在真空中传播。速度：固体 > 液体 > 气体。回声测距：距离 = 声速 × 时间 / 2。地震波：P波（纵波，较快，可通过固/液体），S波（横波，较慢，仅固体）。

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4. Electricity Basics | 电学基础

Central node: Electricity – flow of electric charge. Branches: current, voltage, resistance, circuit rules, components, power and domestic supply.

中心节点：电学 – 电荷的流动。分支：电流、电压、电阻、电路规律、元件、功率和家庭供电。

Branch 1: Current, Voltage, Resistance.

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