A-Level CIE Biology: End-of-Term Revision Guide | A-Level CIE 生物：期末复习提纲

📚 A-Level CIE Biology: End-of-Term Revision Guide | A-Level CIE 生物：期末复习提纲

This revision guide provides a comprehensive overview of the core topics in the CIE A-Level Biology syllabus. Use it to consolidate your knowledge, identify key concepts, and prepare effectively for your end-of-term examinations. Each section is presented with essential points in English followed by Chinese translations to support bilingual learning.

本复习提纲全面概述了 CIE A-Level 生物学教学大纲的核心主题。用它来巩固知识、识别关键概念，并为期末考试高效备考。每个部分以英文要点呈现，随后附中文翻译，以支持双语学习。

1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi) have a true nucleus and compartmentalised organelles. Key organelles include mitochondria (ATP production), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER; protein synthesis and transport), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER; lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (modification and packaging), lysosomes (digestion), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and vacuoles (storage). The cell surface membrane controls the passage of substances via the fluid mosaic model.

细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。原核细胞（如细菌）没有细胞核和膜结合细胞器，而真核细胞（植物、动物、真菌）具有真正的细胞核和分隔的细胞器。关键细胞器包括线粒体（ATP 产生）、叶绿体（光合作用）、粗面内质网（蛋白质合成与运输）、滑面内质网（脂质合成）、高尔基体（修饰与包装）、溶酶体（消化）、核糖体（蛋白质合成）和液泡（储存）。细胞表面膜通过流动镶嵌模型控制物质进出。