📚 GCSE AQA Chemistry: Polymers – Key Points Revision | GCSE AQA 化学：聚合物 考点精讲
Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small monomer units together. In AQA GCSE Chemistry, you need to understand two main types of polymerisation: addition and condensation. You should be able to identify monomers, draw repeating units, explain the differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, and discuss environmental issues relating to plastics.
聚合物是由许多小单体通过化学键连接而成的大分子。在AQA GCSE化学中，你需要掌握两类主要的聚合反应：加成聚合和缩合聚合。你应当能够识别单体、绘制重复单元、解释热塑性和热固性材料的区别，并讨论与塑料相关的环境问题。
1. What Are Polymers? | 什么是聚合物？
A polymer is a long-chain molecule made up of many repeating units called monomers. The process of joining monomers together is called polymerisation. Polymers can be natural, such as DNA, proteins and starch, or synthetic (man-made) like poly(ethene) and nylon. The physical properties of polymers depend on the monomer units and the way they are linked.
聚合物是由许多称为单体的重复单元组成的长链分子。将单体连接起来的过程叫做聚合反应。聚合物可以是天然的，例如DNA、蛋白质和淀粉，也可以是合成的（人造的），如聚乙烯和尼龙。聚合物的物理性质取决于单体单元及其连接方式。
2. Addition Polymerisation | 加成聚合反应
Addition polymerisation involves monomers that contain a carbon–carbon double bond (C=C). Under high pressure and with a catalyst, the double bond opens up and monomers join together, forming a long saturated carbon backbone. No other products are formed – all original atoms appear in the polymer chain. The general equation is: n monomer → polymer, where n is a very large number.
加成聚合反应涉及含有碳碳双键（C=C）的单体。在高压和催化剂作用下，双键打开，单体相互连接，形成一条饱和的碳链主链。反应没有其他产物生成——所有原来的原子都出现在聚合物链中。一般方程式为：n 单体 → 聚合物，其中 n 是一个很大的数。
n CH₂=CH₂ → –[CH₂–CH₂]ₙ–
In addition polymers, the repeating unit has exactly the same atoms as the monomer, except the double bond becomes a single bond. The empirical formula of the polymer is therefore identical to that of the monomer.
在加成聚合物中，重复单元与单体具有完全相同的原子组成，只不过双键变为单键。因此，聚合物的经验式与单体相同。
3. Examples of Addition Polymers | 加成聚合物实例
The table below summarises common addition polymers required for the AQA GCSE specification:
下表总结了AQA GCSE考试要求掌握的常见加成聚合物：
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