📚 Mind Map Speed Revision for IGCSE CIE Physics | IGCSE CIE 物理思维导图速记
Mind maps turn scattered facts into a visual network, helping you recall IGCSE Physics concepts and equations at a glance. This guide builds a complete revision map covering all CIE core topics, with every branch mapped out for rapid recall before your exam.
思维导图能把零散的知识点变成可视化的网络，让你一眼就回想起 IGCSE 物理概念和方程。本文构建了一份覆盖 CIE 所有核心主题的完整复习导图，每个分支都为你考前快速记忆而梳理清晰。
1. How to Mind Map Physics | 如何绘制物理思维导图
Start with the exam topic at the centre, then radiate sub-topics as thick branches. Add key definitions, equations, and real-world links as smaller twigs – use different colours for forces, energy, waves and electricity so your brain builds strong associations.
把考试主题放在中心，然后从中心辐射出子主题作为粗分支。在细枝上添加关键定义、方程和现实中的联系——用不同的颜色区分力、能量、波和电学，让大脑建立牢固的联想。
Always sketch a quick mind map before attempting past paper questions; it primes your working memory and exposes gaps instantly. For formulas, place them inside coloured boxes in your map and repeat aloud while tracing the map with your finger.
做真题之前先快速画一张思维导图；它能激活你的工作记忆，立即暴露知识空缺。对于公式，在导图中用彩色框标出，并边用手指划过导图边大声重复。
2. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Central node: Motion. Main branches: Kinematics, Dynamics, Momentum, and Turning Effect.
中心节点：运动。主要分支：运动学、动力学、动量与转动效应。
Kinematics: Distance (scalar) and displacement (vector). Speed = distance/time, velocity = displacement/time in m/s. Acceleration = change in velocity / time, can be negative (deceleration).
运动学：路程（标量）和位移（矢量）。速率 = 路程/时间，速度 = 位移/时间，单位 m/s。加速度 = 速度变化量/时间，可以为负值（减速）。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
These three uniform acceleration equations are your essential tools. On a speed-time graph, gradient = acceleration, area under graph = distance travelled. On a distance-time graph, gradient = speed.
这三个匀加速运动方程是你的必备工具。在速度-时间图像中，斜率 = 加速度，曲线下方面积 = 移动的距离；在距离-时间图像中，斜率 = 速率。
Dynamics: Newton’s First Law (inertia), Second Law (F = ma, resultant force causes acceleration), Third Law (action-reaction pairs act on different bodies). Weight W = mg, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth.
动力学：牛顿第一定律（惯性），第二定律（F = ma，合力产生加速度），第三定律（作用力与反作用力作用在不同物体上）。重量 W = mg，地球上 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。
Momentum p = mv (conserved in collisions when no external force acts). Impulse = Ft = Δp. In explosions, total momentum before = 0.
动量 p = mv（无外力时碰撞前后守恒）。冲量 = Ft = Δp。在爆炸问题中，总动量初始为 0。
Turning effect: Moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot. Object in equilibrium when clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments. Centre of mass is the point where weight appears to act.
转动效应：力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。物体平衡时顺时针力矩 = 逆时针力矩。重心是重力作用线的交汇点。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Core concept: Energy is the ability to do work and is always conserved. Main branches: Energy stores/transfers, Work, Power, Efficiency.
核心概念：能量是做功的本领，总是守恒的。主要分支：能量储存/转移、功、功率、效率。
Kinetic energy = ½mv², gravitational potential energy = mgh. When an object falls, GPE is converted to KE (assuming no air resistance). Elastic potential energy stored in stretched springs.
动能 = ½mv²，重力势能 = mgh。物体下落时，重力势能转化成动能（忽略空气阻力）。弹性势能储存在拉伸的弹簧中。
Work done W = Fd (force × distance moved in direction of force). 1 joule = 1 newton metre. Work done against friction often heats surfaces.
做功 W = Fd（力 × 沿力方向移动的距离）。1 焦耳 = 1 牛顿·米。克服摩擦做功常常使表面发热。
Power P = W / t, also P = E / t. Unit: watt (J/s). For a moving object, P = Fv when force and velocity are constant.
功率 P = W / t，也可用 P = E / t。单位：瓦特（焦耳/秒）。如果力和速度恒定，P = Fv。
Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%, or useful output power / total input power. No device is 100% efficient due to friction and heat losses.
效率 =（有用的输出能量 / 总输入能量）× 100%，也可用有用输出功率 / 总输入功率。由于摩擦和热损失，没有设备能达到 100% 效率。
Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal; non-renewable: fossil fuels, nuclear. Sankey diagrams show energy transformations with arrow widths proportional to energy.
可再生能源包括太阳能、风能、水力、潮汐、地热；不可再生能源：化石燃料、核能。桑基图用箭头宽度表示能量转化比例。
4. Pressure and Density | 压强和密度
Concept map centre: Pressure. Sub-branches: Density, Pressure in solids, Pressure in liquids, Atmospheric pressure.
概念图中心：压强。子分支：密度、固体压强、液体压强、大气压。
Density ρ = m / V (mass/volume), unit kg/m³. Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid. Regular and irregular solid density measured via displacement.
密度 ρ = m / V（质量/体积），单位 kg/m³。若 ρ_物体 < ρ_流体，物体上浮。规则与不规则固体的密度可通过排水法测量。
Pressure P = F / A, unit pascal (Pa) = N/m². Same force on smaller area gives larger pressure – explains sharp knives, stiletto heels.
压强 P = F / A，单位帕斯卡 = N/m²。相同力作用于更小面积产生更大压强——解释锋利的刀、细高跟鞋。
Liquid pressure P = ρgh, where h is depth. Pressure at a point in a liquid acts equally in all directions and increases with depth. Dam walls are thicker at the bottom.
液体压强 P = ρgh，其中 h 为深度。液体中某点的压强向各个方向等大传播，并随深度增加。水坝底部墙壁更厚。
Atmospheric pressure measured with barometer (approx 101 kPa at sea level) and manometer. Pressure decreases with altitude. Gas pressure explained by molecular collisions with container walls.
大气压用气压计（海平面约 101 kPa）和 U 形管压强计测量。气压随高度升高而降低。气体压强由分子与容器壁碰撞解释。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Centre: Thermal Physics. Branches: Kinetic particle model, Temperature and heat, Thermal expansion, Heat transfer, Specific heat capacity, Latent heat.
中心：热物理。分支：分子动理论模型、温度和热量、热膨胀、热传递、比热容、潜热。
Kinetic model: All matter consists of tiny moving particles. Solids – fixed positions, vibrate; liquids – close, move past each other; gases – far apart, random fast motion. Temperature relates to average kinetic energy of particles.
动理论模型：所有物质由运动着的小粒子组成。固体——位置固定，振动；液体——紧密但可相对滑动；气体——间距大，快速随机运动。温度与粒子的平均动能相关。
Thermal expansion: Most solids, liquids and gases expand when heated. Applications: bimetallic strips, gaps in railway lines, liquid-in-glass thermometers. Water expands anomalously near freezing point (max density at 4 °C).
热膨胀：多数固液气受热膨胀。应用：双金属片、铁轨缝隙、液体温度计。水在冰点附近反常膨胀（4 °C 时密度最大）。
Heat transfer: Conduction (mainly solids, free electrons/vibrations), convection (fluids, density changes cause circulation), radiation (infrared, travels through vacuum, dark/matt surfaces best absorbers and emitters).
热传递：传导（主要在固体，自由电子/振动），对流（流体中密度变化引起循环），辐射（红外线，可在真空中传播，暗色粗糙表面是最好的吸收体和发射体）。
Specific heat capacity: E = mcΔθ, where Δθ is temperature change. High c means more energy to heat up – water has high c (4200 J/(kg°C)). Latent heat: E = mL (no temperature change during state change). Fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling).
比热容：E = mcΔθ，Δθ 为温度变化。c 大表示升温需要更多能量——水的比热容很大。潜热：E = mL（状态变化时温度不变）。包括熔化潜热和汽化潜热。
6. Waves | 波
Central idea: Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Branches: Transverse and longitudinal waves, Wave properties, Behaviour of waves, Electromagnetic spectrum.
中心思想：波传递能量而不传物质。分支：横波和纵波、波的性质、波的行为、电磁波谱。
Transverse waves: oscillations perpendicular to energy travel (light, water ripples). Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to energy travel (sound, slinky spring push).
横波：振动方向与能量传播方向垂直（光、水波）。纵波：振动方向平行于能量传播方向（声音、弹簧纵波）。
Wave properties: amplitude (maximum displacement), wavelength λ (one complete cycle length), frequency f (Hz), period T = 1/f. Wave equation: v = f λ.
波的性质：振幅（最大位移）、波长 λ（一个完整周期的长度）、频率 f（赫兹）、周期 T = 1/f。波速方程：v = f λ。
Reflection: angle i = angle r (measured from normal). Refraction: change in speed/direction when wave enters a different medium. Diffraction: spreading of waves through gaps (significant when gap ≈ wavelength).
反射：入射角 = 反射角（从法线测量）。折射：波进入不同介质时速度/方向改变。衍射：波经过缝隙时扩散（缝隙宽度 ≈ 波长时效果显著）。
Electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. All EM waves travel at 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum. Uses: radio-communication, microwave-cooking, infrared-thermal imaging, X-ray-medical.
电磁波谱按频率升高顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中以 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s 传播。用途：无线电通信、微波烹饪、红外热成像、X 射线医疗。
7. Light | 光
Mind map root: Light. Branches: Reflection, Refraction, Total internal reflection, Lenses, Dispersion.
思维导图根：光。分支：反射、折射、全内反射、透镜、色散。
Reflection: Plane mirror produces virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted image. Ray diagram: two rays from object reflect and appear to come from behind mirror.
反射：平面镜生成正立、等大、左右颠倒的虚像。光路图：从物体发出的两条光线经反射后，反向延长交于镜后。
Refraction: Light bends towards normal when entering denser medium, away when entering less dense. Snell’s law (relationship). Refractive index n = sin i / sin r. n also = speed of light in vacuum / speed in medium.
折射：光进入光密介质时向法线偏折，进入光疏介质时远离法线。折射定律：n = sin i / sin r。n 也等于真空中光速/介质中光速。
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from dense to less dense medium at an angle greater than critical angle c, where sin c = 1/n. Used in optical fibres and prisms in periscopes.
全内反射：光从光密介质射向光疏介质且入射角大于临界角 c 时发生，sin c = 1/n。用于光纤和潜望镜中的棱镜。
Converging (convex) lens: can form real, inverted images (beyond F), or virtual, magnified image (object inside F). Diverging (concave) lens always forms virtual, diminished image. Magnification = image height / object height = v / u.
会聚（凸）透镜：可成倒立实像（物距 > 焦距），或正立放大虚像（物距 < 焦距）。发散（凹）透镜总是成缩小虚像。放大率 = 像高/物高 = v / u。
Dispersion: White light split into spectrum by prism because different colours have different speeds in glass (violet deviates most). Rainbow is dispersion by water droplets.
色散：白光通过棱镜分解成光谱，因为不同颜色的光在玻璃中速度不同（紫光偏折最大）。彩虹是水滴形成的色散现象。
8. Sound | 声
Centre: Sound. Branches: Nature, Speed, Echo, Ultrasound, Pitch and Loudness.
中心：声音。分支：本质、速度、回声、超声波、音调和响度。
Sound is a longitudinal wave produced by vibrating objects, requiring a medium (travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases). Cannot travel in vacuum.
声音是由振动体产生的纵波，需要介质传播（固体中最快，气体中最慢），不能在真空中传播。
Speed of sound in air ≈ 330–340 m/s. Echo: reflected sound, time delay used to measure distance (e.g., sonar, d = vt/2).
空气中的声速约 330–340 m/s。回声：反射声波，利用时间差测距（如声纳，d = vt/2）。
Ultrasound: frequency above 20 kHz, used for medical imaging (prenatal scans), industrial cleaning, and sonar. Cannot be heard by humans.
超声波：频率高于 20 kHz，用于医学成像（产前检查）、工业清洗和声纳。人类无法听见。
Pitch depends on frequency; loudness depends on amplitude (and ear sensitivity). A greater amplitude carries more energy. Oscilloscope traces compare frequency and amplitude directly.
音调取决于频率；响度取决于振幅（以及人耳敏感度）。振幅越大携带的能量越多。通过示波器波形可以直接比较频率和振幅。
9. Electricity | 电学
Central node: Electricity. Sub-topics: Charge and current, Voltage, Resistance, Circuits, Electrical power and energy, Safety.
中心节点：电学。子主题：电荷与电流、电压、电阻、电路、电功率与电能、安全。
Current I = Q/t, unit ampere (A). In metals, current is flow of free electrons, conventional current flows positive to negative. Ammeter connected in series.
电流 I = Q/t，单位安培。金属中电流是自由电子流动，常规电流方向为正到负。电流表串联接入。
Voltage (p.d.) V = energy transferred / charge, unit volt (V). Voltmeter in parallel. E.m.f. is the total electrical energy supplied per coulomb by the source.
电压（电势差）V = 转移的能量/电荷量，单位伏特。电压表并联。电动势是电源每库仑提供的总电能。
Resistance R = V/I, unit ohm (Ω). Ohm’s Law holds if temperature constant. Factors affecting resistance: length, area, material, temperature. Resistivity found via experiment.
电阻 R = V/I，单位欧姆。温度恒定时欧姆定律成立。影响电阻的因素：长度、截面积、材料、温度。可通过实验求电阻率。
Series circuits: current same everywhere, total R = R₁ + R₂ + …, total V = V₁ + V₂. Parallel circuits: current splits, total 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂, voltage same across each branch.
串联电路：各处电流相等，
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