📚 SAT Physics Core Knowledge Review | SAT2物理核心知识点整理
The SAT Physics Subject Test covers mechanics, electricity and magnetism, waves, optics, thermodynamics, and modern physics. This guide summarizes the most tested formulas and concepts to help you review efficiently.
SAT2物理考试涵盖力学、电磁学、波动光学、热力学和现代物理等内容。本文汇总了最常考的核心公式与概念，助你高效复习。
1. Kinematics | 运动学
Kinematics describes motion without considering its causes. Displacement is change in position, velocity is rate of change of displacement, and acceleration is rate of change of velocity.
运动学研究物体的运动而不考虑引起运动的原因。位移是位置的变化，速度是位移的变化率，加速度是速度的变化率。
The three equations of motion for constant acceleration are: v = v₀ + at, Δx = v₀t + ½at², and v² = v₀² + 2aΔx.
匀加速运动的三个基本方程为：v = v₀ + at，Δx = v₀t + ½at²，以及 v² = v₀² + 2aΔx。
Free fall near Earth’s surface has constant downward acceleration g = 9.8 m/s². The equations above apply with a = -g if upward is positive.
在地球表面附近的自由落体运动具有恒定的向下加速度 g = 9.8 m/s²。若取向上为正方向，可将 a = -g 代入上述公式。
Vectors: velocity and acceleration have both magnitude and direction. Use vector addition and components for projectile motion. Horizontal velocity is constant, vertical motion follows constant acceleration.
矢量：速度和加速度既有大小也有方向。抛体运动需用矢量合成与分解，水平速度保持不变，竖直方向遵循匀变速运动规律。
2. Dynamics | 动力学
Newton’s First Law: an object remains at rest or constant velocity unless a net external force acts on it. This is the law of inertia.
牛顿第一定律：物体在不受净外力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，即惯性定律。
Newton’s Second Law: Fnet = ma. Net force equals mass times acceleration. Weight is W = mg.
牛顿第二定律：Fnet = ma。合力等于质量乘以加速度。重力为 W = mg。
Newton’s Third Law: for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，作用在不同物体上。
Friction: static friction fs ≤ μsN, kinetic friction fk = μkN. N is normal force.
摩擦力：静摩擦力 fs ≤ μsN，动摩擦力 fk = μkN。N 为法向力。
Inclined plane: component of gravity along the slope is mg sin θ, perpendicular is mg cos θ.
斜面：重力沿斜面的分量为 mg sin θ，垂直于斜面的分量为 mg cos θ。
3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Work done by a constant force: W = Fd cos θ, where θ is the angle between force and displacement. SI unit: joule (J).
恒力做功：W = Fd cos θ，θ 为力与位移的夹角。国际单位：焦耳 (J)。
Kinetic energy: KE = ½mv². Gravitational potential energy: PE = mgh. Elastic potential energy: PEs = ½kx².
动能：KE = ½mv²。重力势能：PE = mgh。弹性势能：PEs = ½kx²。
Conservation of mechanical energy: if only conservative forces do work, KE + PE = constant.
机械能守恒：若只有保守力做功，则动能与势能之和保持不变。
Power: rate of doing work, P = W/t = Fv cos θ. Unit: watt (W).
功率：做功的快慢，P = W/t = F
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