📚 Cambridge Year 7 Philosophy: Key Terms Memory Guide | 剑桥 Year 7 哲学：关键术语速记指南
Philosophy introduces a world of big questions and careful thinking. To succeed in your Cambridge Year 7 course, you need to grasp some key terms. This memory guide breaks down each word, gives you clear examples, and shares catchy memory hooks to help you remember. Let’s dive in!
哲学引领我们进入一个充满大问题与严谨思考的世界。要在剑桥 Year 7 课程中脱颖而出，你需要掌握一些关键术语。这份记忆指南将逐一拆解每个词汇，提供清晰的例子，并分享朗朗上口的记忆诀窍，帮助你牢记。让我们一起开始吧！
1. Philosophy: The Love of Wisdom | 哲学：爱智慧
Philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek words philo (love) and sophia (wisdom). It is the pursuit of wisdom through asking fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, and values.
哲学 源自古希腊语 philo（爱）与 sophia（智慧）。它是通过追问关于现实、知识和价值的根本性问题来追寻智慧。
Memory tip: Imagine a philosopher wearing a toga and constantly asking ‘But why?’ — that’s the love of wisdom in action.
记忆技巧：想象一位哲学家穿着长袍，不停追问“但这是为什么？”——这就是爱智慧的生动体现。
2. Argument: A Chain of Reasoning | 论证：推理之链
In philosophy, an argument is not a heated quarrel. It is a set of statements where some (the premises) are offered as reasons to support another (the conclusion).
在哲学中，论证 不是激烈的争吵。它是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）被用作理由来支持另一个（结论）。
Example: ‘All humans are mortal (premise). Socrates is a human (premise). Therefore, Socrates is mortal (conclusion).’ This is a classic argument.
例子：“所有人都会死（前提）。苏格拉底是人（前提）。所以，苏格拉底会死（结论）。” 这是一个经典论证。
Memory aid: Think of an argument as a bridge — premises are the pillars, and the conclusion is the deck you walk on.
记忆助手：把论证想象成一座桥——前提是桥墩，结论则是你行走的桥面。
3. Premise and Conclusion: The Building Blocks | 前提与结论：构建模块
A premise is a statement that provides a reason or evidence. A conclusion is the statement that the premises are meant to support or prove.
前提 是提供理由或证据的陈述。结论 则是前提旨在支持或证明的陈述。
Spot the difference: Often the conclusion starts with ‘therefore’, ‘so’, or ‘thus’. The premise often begins with ‘since’, ‘because’, or ‘given that’.
区分方法：结论常以“因此”、“所以”、“于是”开头。前提则常以“由于”、“因为”、“鉴于”开头。
Mnemonic: P before C — Premise comes before the Conclusion in a standard argument.
助记符：P在C前——在标准论证中，前提（Premise）先于结论（Conclusion）。
4. Logic vs. Opinion: The Rules of Good Thinking | 逻辑与观点：良好思维的规则
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It checks whether an argument’s structure guarantees the conclusion if the premises are true. An opinion is a personal belief that may not be supported by logic.
逻辑 是研究正确推理的学科。它检验当前提为真时，论证的结构能否必然推出结论。观点 是个人信念，可能没有逻辑支撑。
Key idea: You can dislike broccoli (opinion), but saying ‘broccoli will cure all diseases’ without evidence is illogical.
核心理念：你可以不喜欢西兰花（观点），但说“西兰花能治愈所有疾病”而没有证据，那就是不合逻辑的。
Quick check: An argument can be logical even if you disagree with the premise. Logic focuses on the structure, not the content.
快速检查：即使你不同意前提，一个论证也可能是合乎逻辑的。逻辑关注结构，而非内容。
5. Fallacy: A Flaw in Reasoning | 谬误：推理中的缺陷
A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that makes an argument weak or invalid. Fallacies often sound persuasive but fall apart under scrutiny.
谬误 是推理中的错误，使论证变得薄弱或无效。谬误通常听起来有说服力，但仔细审视便会瓦解。
Common fallacy — Ad hominem: attacking the person instead of the argument. ‘You can’t trust her view on climate change; she’s not a scientist!’
常见谬误——人身攻击：攻击对方个人而不是论证。“你不能相信她对气候变化的看法；她又不是科学家！”
Remember: Fallacies are like optical illusions for the brain. They trick you into accepting a flawed conclusion.
牢记：谬误如同大脑的视错觉。它们诱骗你接受一个错误的结论。
6. Assumption: The Hidden Premise | 假设：隐藏的前提
An assumption is an unstated belief that an argument relies on. If the assumption is false, the argument collapses.
假设 是论证所依赖的未明说的信念。如果假设为假，论证便坍塌。
Example: ‘We should bring an umbrella because it will rain.’ Hidden assumption: The weather forecast is accurate and we are going outside.
例子：“我们应该带伞，因为要下雨。” 隐藏假设：天气预报准确，且我们要外出。
Strategy: To find assumptions, ask ‘What must be true for this conclusion to follow?’ That’s your hidden premise.
策略：要找出假设，问自己“什么必须为真，这个结论才能成立？”那就是你的隐藏前提。
7. Bias and Perspective: Shaping Our Views | 偏见与视角：塑造我们的观点
Bias is a tendency to favor one side unfairly, often because of personal experience or prejudice. Perspective is the particular lens through which someone views the world.
偏见 是一种不公平地偏袒某一方的倾向，常因个人经历或成见所致。视角 是指某人看待世界的特定镜头。
Everyone has a perspective, but unchecked bias can distort our reasoning. Recognizing your own bias is a sign of strong thinking.
每个人都有视角，但不受约束的偏见会扭曲我们的推理。认识到自身的偏见是强大思维的标志。
Memory image: Think of bias as tinted glasses that colour everything you see; perspective is simply the direction you are facing.
记忆画面：将偏见想象成给所见一切染色的有色眼镜；视角则只是你面朝的方向。
8. Ethics and Moral Dilemmas: Right vs. Wrong | 伦理学与道德困境：对与错
Ethics (or moral philosophy) studies what is right and wrong, good and bad. A moral dilemma is a situation where you must choose between two difficult options, each with ethical consequences.
伦理学（或道德哲学）研究什么是对与错、好与坏。道德困境 是指你必须在两个困难选项之间做出选择，且每个选项都会带来伦理后果的情形。
Classic dilemma: Should you steal medicine to save your family member who will die without it? Ethical theories help you think through such choices.
经典困境：你是否应该偷药来挽救若不偷药就会死去的家人？伦理理论帮助你思考这类选择。
9. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology: Two Ethical Lenses | 功利主义与义务论：两种伦理视角
Utilitarianism judges actions by their outcomes — the right action is the one that creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
功利主义 根据结果来判断行为——正确的行为是为最大多数人创造最大幸福的行为。
Deontology focuses on duties and rules. An action is right if it follows a moral rule, regardless of the outcome. Lying is always wrong, even if it makes people happy later.
义务论 关注义务和规则。一个行为如果遵循道德规则就是正确的，无论结果如何。说谎永远是错的，哪怕以后能让人开心。
Contrast memory: ‘Utilitarianism counts smiles; deontology counts rules.’
对比记忆：“功利主义数笑脸；义务论数规则。”
Quick test: For a utilitarian, stealing medicine to save a life can be right because it maximises happiness. For a deontologist, stealing violates the rule ‘do not steal’, so it remains wrong.
快速测试：对功利主义者来说，偷药救人可能是正确的，因为它使幸福最大化。对义务论者而言，偷窃违反了“不可偷盗”的规则，因此仍然是错的。
10. The Socratic Method: Questioning to Learn | 苏格拉底方法：通过提问学习
The Socratic method is a way of investigating ideas through asking a series of probing questions. Named after Socrates, it aims to expose contradictions and refine understanding.
苏格拉底方法 是通过提出一系列探索性问题来探究思想的方法。它以苏格拉底命名，旨在揭露矛盾并提炼理解。
Instead of giving answers, a teacher using this method asks ‘What do you mean by justice?’ or ‘Can you give an example?’ This pushes you to think deeper.
使用这种方法的教师不直接给出答案，而是问：“你所说的正义是什么意思？”或者“你能举个例子吗？”这促使你更深入地思考。
Remember: The Socratic method is not about winning; it’s about making your thinking clearer.
记住：苏格拉底方法不是为了获胜，而是为了让你的思维更清晰。
11. Knowledge vs. Belief: How Do You Know? | 知识与信念：你是如何知道的？
Knowledge is often defined as justified true belief. You can’t just believe something; you must have good reasons and the belief must be true. Belief alone is not knowledge.
知识 常被定义为得到辩护的真信念。你不能只是相信某事；你必须有充分的理由，且该信念必须为真。单单的信念不是知识。
Example: You believe it will rain tomorrow because your knee aches. That’s a belief. But if you have reliable weather data and it does rain, you have knowledge.
例子：你因为膝盖疼而相信明天会下雨。这是信念。但如果你有可靠的气象数据
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