📚 Case Study Practice for Year 7 CCEA Philosophy | CCEA 七年级哲学：案例分析实战演练
Welcome to a hands-on guide for mastering case studies in philosophy. In Year 7 CCEA Philosophy, you will encounter real-world scenarios and thought experiments that challenge you to think critically, analyse arguments, and justify your opinions. This article provides structured practice to help you approach any case study with confidence.
欢迎来到这份掌握哲学案例分析的实战指南。在 CCEA 七年级哲学课程中，你将遇到现实情境和思想实验，它们要求你批判性思考、分析论证并证明自己的观点。本文将提供结构化的练习，帮助你自信地应对任何案例分析。
1. What Is a Case Study in Philosophy? | 哲学案例分析是什么？
A philosophical case study is a narrative that presents a situation requiring ethical, logical, or existential reflection. In CCEA Philosophy, these cases are designed to help you apply abstract concepts to concrete examples.
哲学案例分析是一种叙事，它呈现了一个需要伦理、逻辑或存在性反思的情境。在 CCEA 哲学中，这些案例旨在帮助你将抽象概念应用于具体实例。
Unlike a story summary, your job is to explore the deeper philosophical puzzle. For example, a case about sharing resources might ask not just what happened, but what fairness truly means.
与故事摘要不同，你的任务是探索更深层的哲学谜题。例如，一个关于分享资源的案例可能不仅问发生了什么，而是公平的真正含义是什么。
2. Identifying the Key Philosophical Question | 识别核心哲学问题
Before analysing any case, you need to read the scenario and frame the central philosophical question. Ask yourself: ‘What concept is being challenged here – justice, knowledge, identity, or something else?’
在分析任何案例之前，你需要阅读情境并构建核心哲学问题。问自己：“这里受到挑战的概念是什么——正义、知识、同一性，还是别的什么？”
A well-identified question guides your whole response. If you misinterpret the question, your arguments will miss the point. So underline key words in the case that hint at the philosophical theme.
准确识别的问题将引导你的整个回答。如果你误解了问题，你的论证就会偏离要点。因此，划出案例中暗示哲学主题的关键词。
3. Analysing Arguments and Evidence | 分析论点与证据
Break down the reasoning presented in the case. Identify the conclusion the characters or scenario implies, then list the reasons or evidence given. Ask: are these reasons based on facts, assumptions, or emotions?
拆解案例中呈现的推理过程。找出角色或情境暗示的结论，然后列出所给的理由或证据。问自己：这些理由是基于事实、假设还是情感？
Look for logical fallacies, such as hasty generalisation or false dilemma. Recognising flawed reasoning is just as important as building your own solid argument.
寻找逻辑谬误，例如草率概括或虚假两难。识别有缺陷的推理与构建自己坚实的论证同样重要。
4. Examining Different Perspectives | 审视不同观点
Philosophy values empathy in thinking. Consider how different people might interpret the same facts. For an environmental case, a business owner and an activist would likely have conflicting views.
哲学重视思考中的同理心。考虑不同的人会如何解释同样的事实。对于环境案例，企业主和活动家很可能有相互冲突的观点。
Do not simply dismiss views you disagree with; explain why they are held and then offer a reasoned response. This demonstrates open-mindedness and critical balance.
不要轻易否定你不同意的观点；解释这些观点为何存在，然后给出有理有据的回应。这表明了开放心态和批判性平衡。
5. Applying Ethical Theories | 应用伦理理论
When the case involves a moral choice, name the ethical theory you are using. For instance, in a medical ethics case, you could contrast utilitarianism (focus on outcomes) with virtue ethics (focus on character).
当案例涉及道德选择时，指出你正在使用的伦理理论。例如，在一个医学伦理案例中，你可以对比功利主义（关注结果）和美德伦理学（关注品格）。
Provide a clear explanation of how the theory leads to a specific judgment. Avoid simply naming a theory without showing its application to the details of the case.
清楚解释该理论如何导致特定的判断。避免仅提及理论名称而不展示其如何应用于案例的具体细节。
6. Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses | 评估优点与缺点
After you propose a solution or argument, step back and assess it critically. Ask: does this solution uphold individual rights? Does it produce the best consequences? What might a critic say?
在你提出解决方案或论证之后，退后一步进行批判性评估。问：这个解决方案维护个人权利吗？它会产生最好的后果吗？批评者会怎么说？
Acknowledging weaknesses is not a sign of a weak argument; it shows intellectual honesty. Then you can explain why, despite the weaknesses, your view is still the strongest.
承认弱点并不代表论证薄弱；它展现了智识上的诚实。然后你可以解释为什么尽管有这些弱点，你的观点仍然最有说服力。
7. Using Thought Experiments | 运用思想实验
Thought experiments are ‘what if’ scenarios that philosophers use to test principles. You can invent a simple one to clarify your point. For example, ‘If a person with amnesia commits a crime, are they the same person responsible?’
思想实验是哲学家用来检验原则的“假设”场景。你可以编造一个简单的思想实验来阐明你的观点。例如，“如果一个失忆的人犯罪，他们还是同一个人来负责吗？”
Make sure your thought experiment is directly relevant to the case. It should isolate a variable and help you test whether a principle holds universally.
确保你的思想实验与案例直接相关。它应该分离出一个变量，帮助你检验某个原则是否普遍成立。
8. Writing a Structured Response | 书写结构化的回答
A well-organised answer includes: a brief introduction stating the issue, a main section analysing arguments for and against, and a conclusion that clearly states your justified view.
有条理的答案包括：简要介绍说明问题，主体部分分析赞成和反对的论证，以及一个清楚说明你有理有据观点的结论。
Use signposting language: ‘Firstly’, ‘In contrast’, ‘Furthermore’, ‘In conclusion’. This helps the examiner follow your logical flow and awards you marks for structure.
使用指示性语言：“首先”、“相比之下”、“此外”、“总之”。这有助于考官理解你的逻辑流程，并为你赢得结构分。
9. Case Study Example 1: The Trolley Problem | 案例示例 1：电车难题
Read the classic trolley problem: a trolley is heading to kill five workmen; you can switch tracks to kill one instead. Analyse this from a utilitarian perspective: saving five lives produces greater overall happiness, so pulling the lever is right.
阅读经典的电车难题：一辆电车将撞死五名工人；你可以切换轨道只撞死一人。从功利主义视角分析：救下五条命产生更大的总体幸福，所以拉动拉杆是正确的。
Now consider a deontological approach: by pulling the lever, you actively cause the death of the one person, using them as a means to save others. This violates the principle that people should never be used merely as tools. Which argument do you find stronger?
现在考虑义务论的方法：通过拉动拉杆，你主动造成了一个人的死亡，把那人当作拯救他人的手段。这违反了人永远不应被仅仅当作工具的原则。你认为哪个论证更强？
10. Case Study Example 2: The Ship of Theseus | 案例示例 2：忒修斯之船
Over many years, every part of a famous ship is replaced. Is it still the same ship? This case explores the philosophy of identity. Some argue that identity lies in the continuous form and function, not the material.
经过多年，一艘著名船只的每个部件都被替换了。它还是原来的那艘船吗？这个案例探讨了同一性哲学。一些人认为同一性在于连续的形式和功能，而非物质本身。
Others contend that if all original parts are gone, it is a replica. You can link this to personal identity: if we replace every cell in a human body over time, is the person the same? Such questions probe what identity truly means.
另一些人主张，如果所有的原始部件都不在了，那就是一个复制品。你可以将此联系到人格同一性：如果经过一段时间人体的每个细胞都被替换，这个人还是同一个人吗？这类问题探究同一性的真正含义。
11. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 常见错误要避免
A frequent error is simply retelling the case story without analysis. Examiners want your philosophical thinking, not a summary. Always connect story events back to the core question.
一个常见的错误是仅仅复述案例故事而不进行分析。考官希望看到你的哲学思考，而不是摘要。始终将故事事件与核心问题联系起来。
Another mistake is presenting a one-sided argument. Even if you have a strong view, acknowledge the opposing side and explain why it is less convincing. Ignoring counter-arguments weakens your response.
另一个错误是只呈现片面的论证。即使你持有强烈的观点，也要承认对立面，并解释为什么它不那么令人信服。忽视反论证会削弱你的回答。
12. Final Practice Tips | 最后的练习建议
Practise with a variety of case types: moral, epistemological, metaphysical. Time your practice to improve speed. After writing, review your work to check for clear structure and balanced evaluation.
练习各种类型的案例：道德的、认识论的、
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