📚 Core Knowledge of Year 7 OCR Geography | 核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the essential topics covered in Year 7 OCR Geography. It is designed to help students consolidate key concepts in a clear, bilingual format, covering map skills, physical processes, human geography and UK case studies.
本文全面梳理了 Year 7 OCR 地理学科的核心知识点，旨在以清晰的双语形式帮助学生巩固地图技能、自然过程、人文地理及英国案例研究等重要概念。
1. Map Skills | 地图技能
Maps are scaled representations of the real world. Essential elements include a title, compass rose, scale bar, key (legend) and grid references, which allow us to locate and interpret features.
地图是按比例绘制的真实世界表示，关键元素包括标题、指北针、比例尺、图例和网格参考，让我们能定位和解读地物。
Scale can be expressed as a ratio (1:25 000), a statement (‘2 cm to 1 km’) or a linear scale, enabling real-world distance calculations.
比例尺可表示为比例式（1:25 000）、文字式（“图上2厘米代表实地1公里”）或直线比例尺，用以计算实际距离。
Four-figure grid references identify a map square, while six-figure references pinpoint an exact location within it. Compass directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) describe route and position.
四位数字的网格参考标定地图上的方格，六位数字则精确定位方格内的具体点位。罗盘方向（北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北）用来描述路线和位置。
Contour lines join points of equal height. Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes; widely spaced contours show gentle or flat land. Spot heights and triangulation pillars give exact altitudes.
等高线连接等高点。线密集表示陡坡，稀疏表示缓坡或平地。高程点和三角测量柱提供精确的海拔。
2. Latitude and Longitude | 经纬度
Lines of latitude are imaginary circles parallel to the Equator, measured in degrees north or south. They help us describe global location and climate zones.
纬线是与赤道平行的假想圆圈，以南北度数来衡量，用于描述全球位置和气候带。
The Equator (0°) divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Other key lines include the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N), Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S), and the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (66.5°).
赤道（0°）划分北半球和南半球，其他重要纬线有北回归线（23.5°N）、南回归线（23.5°S）以及南北极圈（66.5°）。
Lines of longitude (meridians) run from pole to pole. The Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Greenwich, London, dividing the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
经线（子午线）由北极延伸至南极，本初子午线（0°）经过英国格林尼治，划分东半球和西半球。
Coordinates are always written with latitude first, then longitude, e.g. 51.5°N, 0.1°W for London. This system is used worldwide in GPS and mapping.
坐标始终先写纬度后写经度，例如伦敦是51.5°N, 0.1°W，这一体系广泛用于全球定位系统和地图绘制。
3. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (temperature, precipitation, wind, cloud cover). Climate is the average weather measured over a long period, usually 30 years.
天气指短期大气状况（温度、降水、风、云量），气候则是长时间（通常30年）的平均天气。
Meteorologists use a thermometer (temperature), barometer (air pressure), rain gauge (precipitation), anemometer (wind speed) and wind vane (wind direction) to record weather.
气象学家使用温度计测气温，气压计测气压，雨量器测降水，风速计测风速，风向标测风向。
The three main types of rainfall in the UK are relief, convectional and frontal. The table below summarises their causes.
英国三种主要降雨类型是地形雨、对流雨和锋面雨，下表概括了它们的成因。
| Rainfall Type | 降雨类型 | Cause | 成因 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relief | 地形雨 | Moist air forced to rise over hills or mountains | 湿润空气被迫抬升越过山丘 |
| Convectional | 对流雨 | Heated ground warms the air, causing it to rise rapidly | 地面受热使空气迅速上升 |
| Frontal | 锋面雨 | Warm air meets cold air and rises over the denser cold mass | 暖空气遇冷空气，沿冷气团上方抬升 |
The UK experiences a temperate maritime climate. Mild, wet winters and cool summers are strongly influenced by the warm North Atlantic Drift ocean current.
英国属于温带海洋性气候，冬季温和多雨，夏季凉爽，深受北大西洋暖流的影响。
4. The Water Cycle and Rivers | 水循环与河流
The global water cycle involves processes: evaporation (liquid to vapour), condensation (vapour to liquid), precipitation (rain, snow), infiltration (water soaking into soil) and surface runoff (water flowing over land).
全球水循环包括蒸发（液态变气态）、凝结（气态变液态）、降水（雨、雪）、下渗（水渗入土壤）和地表径流（水在地表流动）。
A river’s long profile changes from a steep upper course with V-shaped valleys and waterfalls, to a flatter lower course with wide floodplains and meanders. The gradient decreases downstream.
河流纵剖面从上游陡峭的V形谷和瀑布，变为下游平缓的宽广泛滥平原和曲流，比降向下游减小。
Fluvial erosion processes: hydraulic action (force of water), abrasion (rocks scrape bed and banks), attrition (rock particles collide and become smaller), and solution (dissolving of minerals).
河流侵蚀作用包括水力作用（水力冲击）、磨蚀（岩石磨刮河床和河岸）、磨臼（岩石颗粒互撞变小）和溶蚀（矿物溶解）。
Meanders form due to helicoidal flow: erosion on the outer bend creates a river cliff, while deposition on the inner bend builds a slip-off slope. Oxbow lakes are cut-off meanders.
曲流由螺旋流形成：外弯侵蚀造就河蚀崖，内弯沉积形成滑走坡。牛轭湖是截弯取直的曲流。
5. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸作用与地貌
Waves are generated by wind. Constructive waves have a strong swash that builds up beaches; destructive waves have a powerful backwash that erodes the coastline.
波浪由风生成，建设性波冲流强，堆积海滩；破坏性波回流强，侵蚀海岸线。
Erosional landforms: headlands and bays form where hard and soft rocks alternate. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps evolve through continuous wave attack at weaknesses, e.g. Old Harry Rocks.
侵蚀地貌：软硬岩石交替处形成海岬和海湾。海蚀洞、拱、柱和残柱经波浪持续攻击软弱带而演变，例如老哈里岩。
Depositional features include beaches (sand and shingle), spits (extended ridges of sand, e.g. Spurn Head) and bars (spits joining headlands). They form where wave energy is reduced.
沉积地貌包括海滩（沙和砾石）、沙嘴（延伸的沙脊，如斯珀恩角）和沙坝（沙嘴连接海岬），在波能减弱处形成。
Longshore drift moves sediment in a zigzag pattern along the coast, driven by prevailing winds. It transports material and can cause beach erosion if interrupted.
沿岸漂沙在盛行风驱动下以锯齿形路径搬运沉积物，若被阻断会造成海滩侵蚀。
6. Settlements and Urbanisation | 定居点与城市化
A settlement hierarchy ranges from isolated dwellings and hamlets to villages, towns and cities. Higher-order settlements provide more specialised services (universities, hospitals).
定居点层级从孤立住宅、小村庄到村庄、镇、城市，高阶定居点提供更专门的服务（大学、医院）。
Site describes the land a settlement is built on (flat ground, water supply, defence). Situation refers to its location relative to other places (e.g. near a river mouth or bridging point).
地点指定居点所建的土地（平坦地面、水源、防御），区位指其相对其他地点的位置（如靠近河口或架桥点）。
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. In the UK, rapid urbanisation occurred during the Industrial Revolution as factories attracted workers.
城市化是城镇与城市人口比例的增长，英国的快速城市化发生在工业革命期间，工厂吸引了大量工人。
Urban land use can be represented by the Burgess concentric zone model: the central business district (CBD) is surrounded by inner city, inner suburbs and outer suburbs.
城市土地利用可用伯吉斯同心圆模型表示：中央商务区（CBD）环绕内城、近郊和远郊。
7. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移
Population density measures how many people live in an area (e.g. per km²). Population distribution describes the pattern of where people live, which can be dense, sparse or linear.
人口密度衡量单位面积的人口数（如每平方公里），人口分布描述居住的格局，可呈稠密、稀疏或带状。
Factors affecting distribution include climate, relief, water supply, fertile soils and economic opportunities. Extremely hot, cold or dry regions are sparsely populated.
影响分布的因素有气候、地形、供水、肥沃土壤和经济机会，极热、极冷或干旱地区人口稀疏。
Migration is the movement of people. Push factors (unemployment, war, natural disasters) drive people away; pull factors (job prospects, safety, better services) attract them.
迁移是人的移动，推力因素（失业、战争、自然灾害）推动人离开，拉力因素（工作前景、安全、更好的服务）吸引人。
A population pyramid shows age and gender structure. A wide base signals high birth rate; a narrow top indicates lower life expectancy. It helps plan future services.
人口金字塔展示年龄和性别结构，底座宽表示高出生率，顶部窄表示低预期寿命，可用来规划未来服务。
8. Economic Activities | 经济活动
Economic activities are classified into sectors: primary (farming, mining, fishing), secondary (manufacturing, construction), tertiary (retail, education) and quaternary (research, IT).
经济活动分为第一产业（农业、采矿、渔业）、第二产业（制造、建筑）、第三产业（零售、教育）和第四
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