📚 Engineering Summer Prep & Bridging Course | 工程学暑期预习与衔接课程
Are you excited about starting Year 7 and discovering the world of engineering? This summer prep course is designed to give you a head start on the WJEC Engineering curriculum. You will explore how things work, learn to design and build, and understand the principles that shape our built environment. Get ready for a hands-on journey!
你对即将开始的七年级生活感到兴奋吗？本暑期预习课程旨在为WJEC工程学课程打下基础。你将探索事物运作的原理，学习设计和建造，理解塑造我们环境的基本原则。准备好开始动手学习之旅吧！
1. Welcome to the World of Engineering | 欢迎来到工程世界
Engineering is everywhere – from the bridges we cross to the smartphones we use. It combines science, mathematics, and creativity to solve problems and improve lives. As a young engineer, you’ll learn to think critically and work with materials, tools, and technology. This bridging course will introduce you to the key ideas you’ll study in Year 7 WJEC Engineering, such as design processes, forces, materials, and simple systems. Let’s dive in!
工程学无处不在——从我们过桥的桥梁到使用的智能手机。它结合了科学、数学和创造力，用以解决问题和改善生活。作为一名年轻工程师，你将学习批判性思维，并接触材料、工具和技术。本衔接课程将介绍你在七年级WJEC工程学中将学习的关键概念，例如设计流程、力、材料和简单系统。我们开始吧！
2. Understanding the Engineering Design Process | 理解工程设计流程
Engineers follow a structured approach to turn ideas into reality. The design process typically involves: Ask (identify the problem), Imagine (brainstorm solutions), Plan (draw designs, choose materials), Create (build a prototype), and Improve (test and refine). This cycle helps you learn from mistakes and make better products.
工程师遵循结构化的方法将想法变为现实。设计流程通常包括：提问（识别问题）、想象（头脑风暴解决方案）、计划（绘制设计图、选择材料）、创建（制作原型）以及改进（测试和完善）。这个循环帮助你从错误中学习并制造出更好的产品。
3. Workshop Safety First | 工作坊安全第一
Safety is the top priority in any engineering workshop. You must always wear safety goggles to protect your eyes and use gloves when handling rough materials. Tie back long hair and avoid loose clothing that could get caught in machinery. Learn the location of emergency stops and first-aid kits. Never run or fool around – a tidy workspace is a safe workspace.
在任何工程工作坊中，安全都是第一位的。你必须始终佩戴护目镜保护眼睛，并在处理粗糙材料时戴手套。将长发扎起，避免穿着可能被机器夹住的宽松衣物。熟悉紧急停止按钮和急救箱的位置。绝不要奔跑或嬉戏——整洁的工作区域就是安全的工作区域。
4. Exploring Materials and Their Properties | 探索材料及其特性
Materials are the building blocks of everything we make. Woods, metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites each have distinct properties. When choosing a material, you consider hardness, strength, flexibility, conductivity, and appearance. For example, wood is easy to shape but can warp with moisture; steel is strong but heavy; plastic is lightweight and waterproof but can melt at high temperatures.
材料是我们制造一切的基础。木材、金属、塑料、陶瓷和复合材料各具特性。选择材料时，要考虑硬度、强度、柔韧性、导电性和外观。例如，木材易于塑形但受潮会变形；钢强度高但笨重；塑料轻便防水但高温下可能熔化。
Hardwoods like oak and mahogany are dense and durable, making them ideal for furniture and flooring. Softwoods such as pine are lighter and easier to cut, often used in construction frames.
硬木如橡木和桃花心木致密耐用，非常适合制作家具和地板。软木如松木更轻、更易切割，常用于建筑框架。
Metals such as aluminium and mild steel are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. They are strong but can rust if not protected with paint or oil. Aluminium is lightweight and resists corrosion, making it suitable for aircraft parts.
铝和低碳钢等金属是热和电的优良导体。它们强度高，但若不涂漆或上油会生锈。铝质轻且抗腐蚀，适用于飞机零件。
Plastics come in many forms: thermoplastics like acrylic can be softened repeatedly by heat and reshaped, while thermosetting plastics become permanently rigid after setting. Nylon is tough and used for gears, whereas polystyrene is cheap and used in packaging.
塑料种类繁多：热塑性塑料如亚克力可反复受热软化重塑，而热固性塑料一旦定型便会永久硬化。尼龙坚韧，用于制造齿轮；聚苯乙烯便宜，用于包装。
Ceramics are hard, brittle, and withstand very high temperatures, so they are often used for tiles, insulators, and pottery. However, they shatter easily if dropped.
陶瓷坚硬、易碎且耐高温，因此常用于瓷砖、绝缘体和陶器。然而，若跌落极易碎裂。
5. Hand Tools and Their Uses | 手工工具及其用途
In the workshop, you will use a variety of hand tools. A steel rule is for precise measurement; a try square checks right angles; a coping saw cuts curves in wood; a vice holds your workpiece steady; files smooth and shape materials; hammers drive nails. Always use the right tool for the job and keep them sharp and clean. Remember to cut away from your body and secure materials firmly in a vice before sawing.
在工作坊，你将使用各种手工工具。钢尺用于精确测量；直角尺用于检查直角；曲线锯可在木板上切割曲线；台钳固定工件；锉刀打磨和塑形材料；锤子用来钉钉子。始终使用合适的工具并保持其锋利与清洁。记住要朝远离身体的方向切割，并在锯割前将材料牢固夹在台钳上。
6. Measurement and Accuracy | 测量与精度
Accuracy is vital in engineering. You will learn to measure lengths in millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm). There are 10 mm in 1 cm, and 100 cm in 1 metre. Use a ruler carefully, aligning the zero mark with the edge of the object. Look straight down at the scale to avoid parallax error. For more precise work, a digital caliper can measure internal and external dimensions down to 0.1 mm or better.
精度在工程中至关重要。你将学会以毫米 (mm) 和厘米 (cm) 为单位测量长度。10毫米等于1厘米，100厘米等于1米。仔细使用直尺，让零刻度对齐物体边缘。垂直俯视刻度以避免视差误差。对于更精确的测量，数显卡尺可测量内外尺寸，精度达0.1毫米或更高。
1 cm = 10 mm
1 厘米 = 10 毫米
7. Introduction to Forces | 力入门
Forces are pushes or pulls that can change an object’s motion or shape. Gravity pulls things towards the Earth. Friction opposes motion between surfaces. Tension stretches cables and springs. In structures, forces act in compression (squashing) or tension (stretching). Bridges, towers, and roofs must balance these forces to remain stable.
力是能改变物体运动或形状的推或拉。重力将物体拉向地球。摩擦力阻碍接触面间的运动。张力拉伸缆索和弹簧。在结构中，力表现为压力（挤压）或拉力（拉伸）。桥梁、塔楼和屋顶必须平衡这些力才能保持稳定。
A triangular shape is particularly strong because it distributes loads evenly along its sides without changing shape. This is why you see so many triangles in truss bridges, cranes, and roof supports.
三角形结构特别坚固，因为它能沿各边均匀分布载荷，且自身不会变形。这就是为什么在桁架桥、起重机和屋顶支撑中常见到三角形。
8. Simple Machines and Mechanical Advantage | 简单机械与机械利益
Simple machines make work easier by multiplying force or changing its direction. The six classical simple machines are the lever, pulley, inclined plane, screw, wedge, and wheel and axle. Mechanical advantage (MA) tells you how much a machine amplifies your input effort. To find mechanical advantage, divide the load by the effort. For example, if you lift a 200 N load with a 50 N effort, MA = 200 N ÷ 50 N = 4, meaning the machine multiplies your force by four.
简单机械通过放大力或改变力的方向使工作更省力。六种经典简单机械是杠杆、滑轮、斜面、螺旋、楔子和轮轴。机械利益 (MA) 表示机械放大了多少输入力。要计算机械利益，用负载除以作用力。例如，用50 N的力举起200 N的负载，MA = 200 N ÷ 50 N = 4，意味着机械将你的力放大了四倍。
In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is between the load and effort — think of a seesaw. In a movable pulley system, the load is shared between rope segments, giving a high mechanical advantage. Using these principles, engineers design machines that can lift heavy objects with less effort.
在一类杠杆中，支点在负载和用力点之间——想想跷跷板。在动滑轮系统中，负载由多段绳索分担，因此能获得很高的机械利益。运用这些原理，工程师设计出可以省力举起重物的机械。
9. Basic Electric Circuits | 基本电路
Electricity powers countless engineering devices. A simple circuit consists of a power source (like a battery), conductors (wires), and a load (such as a lamp, motor, or buzzer). A switch opens or closes the circuit to control current flow. You will learn to draw circuits using standard symbols: a cell is shown as a long and a short parallel line, a lamp as a circle with a cross, and a switch as a break in the line. Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.
电力驱动着无数工程设备。一个简单电路由电源（如电池）、导线（导体）和负载（如灯泡、马达或蜂鸣器）组成。开关接通或断开电路以控制电流。你将学习用标准符号绘制电路图：电池用一长一短两条平行直线表示，灯泡为带叉的圆圈，开关为线上的断口。电流从正极流向负极。
Materials that allow current to flow easily are called conductors (e.g., copper, aluminium). Materials that block current are insulators (e.g., rubber, plastic). A series circuit has all components in a single loop, so if one bulb fails, all go out. Understanding these basics will prepare you for practical electronics projects in Year 7.
允许电流轻易通过的材料称为导体（如铜、铝）。阻断电流的材料称为绝缘体（如橡胶、塑料）。串联电路中所有元件位于单一回路，因此一个灯泡损坏，所有灯泡都熄灭。理解这些基础知识将为你七年级的实践电子项目做好准备。
10. Planning Your First Engineering Project | 规划你的第一个工程项目
Your Year 7 Engineering course will involve hands-on projects where you bring ideas to life. Start by writing a design brief that states the problem, user needs, and constraints. Sketch out possible solutions and select the best one. List the materials and tools you’ll need, and estimate the size and cost. Think about safety risks and how to make your design sustainable.
你的七年级工程课程将包含
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