📚 Fast-Track Guide to Memorising Business Terms | 商务词汇术语速记指南
Grasping key business vocabulary is the first step to understanding how the commercial world works. For Year 7 students starting the Cambridge Business course, memorising terms like ‘entrepreneur’, ‘supply’, and ‘stakeholder’ can feel challenging. This guide breaks down essential terms into manageable categories and gives you clever memory tricks to lock them in your mind forever.
掌握关键的商务词汇是理解商业世界运作的第一步。对于刚开始学习剑桥商务课程的七年级学生来说，记忆像“企业家”、“供应”和“利益相关者”这样的术语可能感觉很有挑战性。本指南将基本术语分解为易于管理的类别，并给出巧妙的记忆技巧，让你把它们永远镌刻在脑海中。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商务？
Business refers to any organisation that produces goods or services to satisfy needs and wants, usually with the aim of generating a profit. It involves the exchange of value between buyers and sellers.
商务指任何生产商品或服务以满足需要和想要的组织，通常以创造利润为目标。它涉及买卖双方之间的价值交换。
Memory trick: Think of ‘business’ as ‘busy-ness’ — staying busy to create and sell something. The word reminds you that business never sleeps.
记忆技巧：把 ‘business’ 想象成 ‘busy-ness’ —— 忙着创造和销售东西。这个词提醒你商业永不停歇。
An entrepreneur is a person who takes on the financial risk of starting and running a new business. They bring together the factors of production and innovate. A real-world example is the founder of a local bakery who invests her savings to open the shop.
企业家是承担创办和经营新企业的财务风险的人。他们将生产要素结合起来并进行创新。现实中的一个例子是一位当地面包店的创始人，她投入自己的积蓄开了这家店。
Chunk ‘entrepreneur’ into ‘entre-preneur’. ‘Entre’ sounds like ‘enter’, so someone who enters a market, and ‘preneur’ relates to ‘undertake’. Picture an adventurous person entering a jungle of business.
把 ‘entrepreneur’ 拆成 ‘entre-preneur’。’Entre’ 听起来像 ‘enter’（进入），所以是进入市场的人，而 ‘preneur’ 与 ‘undertake’（承担）相关。想象一个冒险的人进入商业丛林。
Profit is the positive difference between total revenue and total costs. If a lemonade stand earns £20 from sales and spends £12 on lemons and sugar, its profit is £8.
利润是总收入与总成本之间的正差额。如果一个柠檬水摊位从销售中获得 20 英镑，而在柠檬和糖上花费 12 英镑，那么它的利润是 8 英镑。
To memorise profit, think ‘pro-fit’: you are professionally fit with money. Loss is simply what has been lost; link it to a sad facial expression so the negative feeling sticks.
要记住利润，想想 ‘pro-fit’：你在金钱方面很专业。亏损就是失去的东西；把它与悲伤的表情联系起来，让消极的感觉留在脑海中。
2. Needs, Wants and Scarcity | 需要、想要与稀缺性
Needs are items essential for human survival, such as clean water, nutritious food, basic shelter and clothing. Without them, a person cannot live a healthy life.
需要是人类生存所必需的物品，例如清洁的水、营养的食物、基本的住所和衣物。没有它们，人就无法过上健康的生活。
Wants are desires for things that make life more enjoyable but are not vital for survival. Examples include a smartphone, designer trainers, or a holiday by the sea.
想要是对让生活更愉快但并非生存必需的物品的渴望。例如智能手机、名牌运动鞋或海边度假。
Memory aid: ‘Needs’ sounds like ‘kneads’ — think of kneading dough to make bread, which you need to eat. ‘Wants’ starts with ‘w’, which looks like two upward arms saying ‘I want that!’
记忆辅助：’Needs’ 听起来像 ‘kneads’（揉面）—— 想想揉面团做面包，那是你需要吃的。’Wants’ 以 ‘w’ 开头，看起来像两只向上伸的手臂在说“我想要那个！”
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: there are limited resources to meet unlimited human wants. Even in wealthy countries, resources such as time, money and raw materials are finite.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题：有限的资源满足无限的人类想要。即使在富裕国家，时间、金钱和原材料等资源也是有限的。
Visualise ‘scarcity’ as ‘scare city’ — a town where people are scared because supplies are running low. This image makes the concept easy to recall under exam pressure.
把 ‘scarcity’ 想象成 ‘scare city’ —— 一个因为物资即将耗尽而人人自危的小镇。这个画面让你在考试压力下也能轻松回想起这个概念。
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative given up when a choice is made. If you spend your Saturday afternoon studying business instead of playing football, the lost football game is the opportunity cost.
机会成本是在做出选择时所放弃的次优选项。如果你在周六下午学习商务而不是踢足球，那么被放弃的那场足球比赛就是机会成本。
To remember, think of ‘the road not taken’. The word ‘opportunity’ hints at an option you lose. Link it to a fork in the road: you can only walk down one path.
为了记住，想想“未选择的路”。’opportunity’ 一词暗示了你失去的一个选项。把它与岔路口联系起来：你只能走一条路。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical, tangible items that can be touched and stored. They are produced and then sold to consumers. Goods can be split into durable goods, like a bicycle, and non-durable goods, like fresh bread.
商品是有形的、可以触摸和储存的实物。它们被生产出来然后卖给消费者。商品可分为耐用品，如自行车，和非耐用品，如新鲜面包。
Services are intangible actions provided for others, such as a haircut, a bus journey, or medical advice. You cannot drop a service on your foot or keep it in a cupboard.
服务是为他人提供的无形行为，例如理发、乘坐公交车或医疗建议。你无法把服务掉在脚上，也无法把它收进柜子里。
Memory clue: ‘Goods’ has the word ‘good’ and ‘odds’ — you can hold good odds in your hand. ‘Services’ contains ‘serv’, which reminds you of a servant doing something for you.
记忆线索：’Goods’ 包含 ‘good’ 和 ‘odds’ —— 你可以把好的机会握在手中。’Services’ 包含 ‘serv’，让你想起仆人为你做事。
Think of the touch test: if you can put it in a shopping trolley, it is a good. If you cannot physically take it home, it is a service. A cooked pizza delivered to your door is a good; the delivery itself is a service.
想想触摸测试：如果能放进购物手推车，就是商品。如果无法以实物形式带回家，就是服务。送到你门口的烤披萨是商品；而配送本身是服务。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise. These are the essential inputs needed to produce any good or service. They are often called the ‘building blocks of business’.
四种生产要素是土地、劳动力、资本和企业。这些是生产任何商品或服务所需的基本投入。它们通常被称为“商业的积木”。
Land covers all natural resources found on the planet, such as oil, water, forests and the ground on which a factory is built. It includes everything supplied by nature.
土地涵盖地球上发现的所有自然资源，如石油、水、森林和建造工厂的土地。它包括自然界提供的一切。
Labour represents the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. A construction worker lifting bricks and a doctor diagnosing an illness both provide labour.
劳动力代表生产中使用的体力和脑力人力努力。搬砖的建筑工人和诊断病情的医生都提供了劳动力。
Capital refers to man-made resources that help produce other goods and services. Examples include machinery, tools, vehicles and office computers. Do not confuse it with money; money is not a factor of production but is used to buy capital.
资本指帮助生产其他商品和服务的人造资源。例如机器、工具、车辆和办公电脑。不要把它与金钱混淆；金钱不是生产要素，但可用于购买资本。
Enterprise is the willingness to take risks and organise the other three factors. An entrepreneur with a bag of flour (land from wheat), an oven (capital), and a baker (labour) turns them into a cake — that is enterprise.
企业是承担风险并组织其他三种要素的意愿。一位企业家用一袋面粉（来自小麦的土地）、一个烤箱（资本）和一位面包师（劳动力）将它们变成一个蛋糕——这就是企业。
Memorise the order with the acronym CELL: Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. Picture a living cell under a microscope; just as a cell is the basic unit of life, CELL factors are the basic units of production.
用首字母缩写 CELL 来记住顺序：Capital（资本）、Enterprise（企业）、Land（土地）、Labour（劳动力）。想象显微镜下活着的细胞；正如细胞是生命的基本单位，CELL 要素也是生产的基本单位。
5. Sectors of Production and Added Value | 生产部门与增值
The economy is divided into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. These describe the path a product takes from raw material to the final customer.
经济分为三个部门：第一、第二和第三产业。它们描述了产品从原材料到最终消费者的路径。
The primary sector extracts or harvests natural resources directly from the earth. Farming, fishing, mining and forestry belong to this sector. Every physical good starts its journey here.
第一产业直接从地球中提取或收获自然资源。农业、渔业、采矿和林业都属于这个部门。每一种实物商品的旅程都从这里开始。
The secondary sector turns raw materials into finished or semi-finished products. Manufacturing cars, baking bread and constructing houses are secondary activities. It adds physical form to resources.
第二产业将原材料转变为成品或半成品。制造汽车、烘焙面包和建造房屋都是第二产业的活动。它为资源增加了物理形态。
The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and businesses. Examples include retail shops, banking, education and transport. Many people in modern economies work in this sector.
第三产业为消费者和企业提供服务。例如零售商店、银行、教育和运输。在现代经济中，许多人都在这个部门工作。
A chain visualisation helps: imagine a sausage sandwich. The pig farm is primary, the factory turning pork into sausages is secondary, and the café selling the sandwich is tertiary. Follow the sausage to recall the sectors.
链条可视化有助于记忆：想象一个香肠三明治。养猪场是第一产业，将猪肉制成香肠的工厂是第二产业，而售卖三明治的咖啡馆是第三产业。跟着香肠走，就能回想起各个部门。
Added value is the increase in worth a business creates at each stage of production. It is calculated as the selling price minus the cost of bought-in materials and components. A carpenter buys wood for £10 and sells a carved chair for £45; the added value is £35, thanks to the carpenter’s skill and effort.
增值是企业在生产的每个阶段所创造的价值增加。计算公式为销售价格减去购入材料和零部件的成本。一位木匠花 10 英镑购买木材，将雕刻的椅子以 45 英镑售出；由于木匠的技术和努力，增值为 35 英镑。
To recall the formula, think ‘Selling price minus Materials gives the Skill you added’. The ‘S’ in ‘Selling’ and ‘M’ in ‘Materials’ form ‘SM’, like a superhero’s power that adds value.
要记住公式，想想“销售价格减去材料等于你增加的技能”。’Selling’ 中的 ‘S’ 和 ‘Materials’ 中的 ‘M’ 组成 ‘SM’，就像增加价值的超级英雄力量。
6. Business Stakeholders | 企业利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual, group or organisation that has an interest in a business and can affect or be affected by its activities. The word ‘stake’ suggests a share or a claim in the future of the company.
利益相关者是任何与企业有利害关系、能够影响或受企业活动影响的个人、团体或组织。’stake’ 一词暗示了对公司未来的份额或要求权。
Internal stakeholders include the owners, who put money in and expect profit, and the workers, who want fair wages and safe conditions. They are inside the business day to day.
内部利益相关者包括投入资金并期望利润的所有者，以及希望获得公平工资和安全条件的工人。他们每天身处企业内部。
External stakeholders are outside the business. Customers want quality products at reasonable prices. Suppliers depend on the business for steady orders. The local community cares about jobs and pollution. The government collects taxes and enforces laws.
外部利益相关者在企业之外。顾客希望以合理价格购买优质产品。供应商依靠企业获得稳定订单。当地社区关心就业和污染。政府征收税款并执行法律。
Memory technique: picture a giant barbecue (BBQ). Different people stand around holding their ‘stake’ — the owner holds a money bag, the worker holds a pay slip, the customer holds a burger, the supplier holds a delivery note, and the government holds a rulebook. The BBQ is the business, and everyone wants a piece.
记忆技巧：想象一个巨大的烧烤架（BBQ）。不同的人围站着，拿着自己的“利害关系”——所有者拿着钱袋，工人拿着工资单，顾客拿着汉堡，供应商拿着送货单，政府拿着规章手册。烧烤架就是企业，每个人都想要一份。
7. Business Objectives | 企业目标
Business objectives are the specific goals a business sets to achieve over a certain period. They give direction and help measure success. Typical objectives include survival, profit maximisation, growth, increasing market share, and providing a social benefit.
企业目标是企业在一定时期内设定的具体要达成的目标。它们提供方向并帮助衡量成功。典型的目标包括生存、利润最大化、增长、扩大市场份额和提供社会效益。
Survival is often the top priority for a new start-up. It means having enough cash to keep operating month after month. Profit maximisation means making the highest possible profit after all costs are paid.
生存通常是一家新创企业的首要任务。它意味着有足够的现金来维持月复一月的经营。利润最大化意味着在支付所有成本后赚取尽可能高的利润。
Growth involves expanding the business, for example by opening new stores or entering new countries. Market share refers to the percentage of total sales in an industry that one business holds. A social objective might be reducing plastic waste or donating meals to the homeless.
增长涉及扩大企业规模，例如开设新店或进入新国家。市场份额指一家企业在行业总销售额中所占的百分比。社会目标可能是减少塑料垃圾或向无家可归者捐赠餐食。
A mnemonic using the first letters SPGMS — Survival, Profit, Growth, Market share, Social — can be remembered as ‘Smart Penguins Go Marching South’. Visualise penguins with business cases marching with clear goals.
用首字母 SPGMS（生存、利润、增长、市场份额、社会）来记忆，可以记成 ‘Smart Penguins Go Marching South’（聪明的企鹅向南行军）。想象提着公文包的企鹅带着明确的目标行军。
8. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型
A business can take several legal forms, each with its own risks, ownership structure and ability to raise money. Year 7 students often focus on sole traders, partnerships, private limited companies, public limited companies and franchises.
企业可以采取多种法律形式，每种形式都有自己的风险、所有权结构和筹资能力。七年级学生通常关注个体经营者、合伙企业、私营有限公司、公众有限公司和特许经营。
A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. It is easy and cheap to set up, but the owner has unlimited liability — meaning personal assets could be seized to pay debts.
个体经营者是由一个人拥有和经营的企业。它设立简单且成本低，但所有者承担无限责任——这意味着个人资产可被扣押以偿还债务。
A partnership involves two or more people who share the risks and profits. A written deed of partnership should outline how profits are split. Partners usually have unlimited liability, though some can be sleeping partners providing only capital.
合伙企业涉及两人或多人共享风险和利润。书面的合伙协议应概述利润如何分配。合伙人通常承担无限责任，但有些可以是不参与经营的有限合伙人，仅提供资本。
A private limited company (Ltd) can sell shares to friends and family but not to the public. Shareholders have limited liability, meaning they can only lose the money they invested. A public limited company (PLC) can sell shares on the stock exchange, allowing it to raise large sums from the public.
私营有限公司（Ltd）可以向亲友出售股份，但不能向公众出售。股东承担有限责任，意味着他们最多只会损失投入的资金。公众有限公司（PLC）可以在证券交易所出售股份，从而从公众那里筹集大量资金。
A franchise is when a business (the franchisor) licences its brand, products and methods to another person (the franchisee). The franchisee pays a fee and royalties, but gains a proven business model, like in most fast-food chains.
特许经营是指一家企业（特许人）将其品牌、产品和方法授权给另一个人（受许人）。受许人支付加盟费和特许权使用费，但获得一个经过验证的商业模式，就像大多数快餐连锁店一样。
Create a family memory: Sole trader is like a solo singer. Partnership is a duet. Ltd is a family band that shares among themselves. PLC is a stadium rock band selling tickets to everyone. A franchise is a tribute band officially licensed to perform the hits.
创造一个家庭记忆：个体经营者就像独唱歌手。合伙企业是二重唱。Ltd 是只在内部分享的家庭乐队。PLC 是向所有人售票的体育场摇滚乐队。特许经营是获官方许可演奏热门歌曲的致敬乐队。
9. Market, Demand and Supply | 市场、需求与供给
A market is any place or mechanism that brings buyers and sellers together. It can be a physical space, like a farmers’ market, or an online platform, like an e-commerce website. The key is that exchange can happen.
市场是将买卖双方聚集在一起的任何场所或机制。它可以是一个物理空间，如农贸市场，也可以是一个在线平台，如电子商务网站。关键在于交换能够发生。
Demand is the quantity of a product consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that as price falls, the quantity demanded usually rises.
需求是消费者在一段时间内，在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的产品数量。需求定律指出，当价格下降时，需求量通常会上升。
Supply is the quantity of a product producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. According to the law of supply, when the price increases, the quantity supplied tends to increase because producers can earn more.
供给是生产者愿意且能够在不同价格下提供销售的产品数量。根据供给定律，当价格上升时，供给量往往会增加，因为生产者可以赚得更多。
Memory script: Think of the alphabet. ‘D’ for Demand comes before ‘S’ for Supply. But in a market, consumers’ desire (demand) comes first — no business will supply something nobody wants. Once demand is visible, supply follows.
记忆脚本：想想字母表。’D’ 代表 Demand（需求），排在 ‘S’ 代表 Supply（供给）的前面。但在市场中，消费者的欲望（需求）是首位的——没有企业会供应没人想要的东西。一旦需求显现，供给便随之而来。
The equilibrium price is where demand and supply are equal. At this point, there is neither a shortage nor a surplus. Picture a seesaw perfectly balanced, with demand on one side and supply on the other.
均衡价格是需求与供给相等时的价格。在这一点上，既没有短缺也没有过剩。想象一个完美平衡的跷跷板，一边是需求，另一边是供给。
10. Costs, Revenue and Profit | 成本、收入与利润
A business must keep a close eye on its costs. Fixed costs remain unchanged regardless of how many units are produced, such as monthly rent and insurance. Variable costs change directly with the level of output, like raw materials and packaging.
企业必须密切关注其成本。固定成本无论生产多少单位都保持不变，例如月租金和保险费。可变成本直接随产出水平变化，如原材料和包装。
A useful way to distinguish: ‘Fixed’ sounds like ‘frozen’ — frozen costs do not move. ‘Variable’ contains ‘vary’, meaning they vary with production volume. Imagine a factory: the rent is a frozen block, while the electric bill for machines changes with how long they run.
一个有用的区分方法：’Fixed’ 听起来像 ‘frozen’（冻结）——冻结的成本不会移动。’Variable’ 包含 ‘vary’（变化），意味着它们随产量变化。想象一家工厂：租金是一个冻结的冰块，而机器的电费随着运行时间而变化。
Total costs are the sum of all fixed and variable costs. This relationship can be written as: Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs.
总成本是所有固定成本和可变成本的总和。这种关系可以写为：总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本。
Revenue is the income a business earns from selling its products before any expenses are deducted. It is calculated by multiplying the selling price per unit by the number of units sold: Revenue = Price × Quantity sold.
收入是企业在扣除任何开支之前，从销售产品中赚取的收入。计算方法是将每单位售价乘以销售数量：收入 = 价格 × 销售量。
Profit emerges when total revenue is greater than total costs. The central equation is: Profit = Revenue − Total costs. If a business sells 100 handmade candles for £8 each, and total costs are £500, revenue is £800 and profit is £300.
当总收入大于总成本时，就产生了利润。核心等式是：利润 = 收入 − 总成本。如果一家企业以每支 8 英镑的价格销售了 100 支手工蜡烛，总成本为 500 英镑，则收入为 800 英镑，利润为 300 英镑。
To lock in the profit formula, use the three-letter reminder ‘RTP’ — Revenue Takeaway costs equals Profit. Picture a road sign RTP pointing to success.
要牢记利润公式，使用三字母提醒 ‘RTP’ —— Revenue（收入）减去（Takeaway）成本等于 Profit（利润）。想象一个指向成功的路标 RTP。
Published by TutorHao | Business Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply