📚 Formulas and Rules Quick Reference for Year 7 OCR Chinese | Year 7 OCR 中文公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference handbook for Year 7 OCR Chinese. Just as formulas help you unlock maths problems, the patterns and rules in this guide will give you a reliable toolkit for building accurate sentences, pronouncing words confidently, and writing characters correctly. Keep this manual handy as you progress through the course.
欢迎使用 Year 7 OCR 中文必备公式定理速查手册。正如数学公式帮助你解开难题一样，本指南中的各类句式和规则将为你提供一套可靠的工具，帮助你造出准确的句子、自信地发音并正确书写汉字。请在学习过程中随时查阅本手册。
1. Basic Sentence Structure – SVO | 基本语序公式 – 主谓宾
The backbone of a Chinese sentence follows the same Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order as English. Once you master this word order, you can express most simple ideas clearly. Remember to keep the subject first, then the action, then the thing being acted upon.
中文句子的主干遵循与英语相同的“主语-谓语-宾语”（SVO）语序。一旦掌握这个语序，你就能清晰地表达大部分简单的意思。记住，主语在前，动作在中间，动作的对象放在最后。
Subject + Verb + Object
主语 + 动词 + 宾语
Example: Wǒ chī píngguǒ. (I eat apples.) — Here, ‘wǒ’ is the subject, ‘chī’ is the verb, and ‘píngguǒ’ is the object. The pattern never changes for basic statements.
示例：我吃苹果。（Wǒ chī píngguǒ.）——这里“我”是主语，“吃”是动词，“苹果”是宾语。在基本陈述句中，这个格式永远不变。
2. Adjectives with ‘的’ | 形容词加“的”公式
When you want to describe a noun with an adjective, you usually insert the particle ‘的’ (de) between the adjective and the noun. Think of ‘的’ as the glue that attaches a description to a person, place, or thing. In many one-syllable adjective combinations, ‘的’ can sometimes be dropped, but as a beginner, always using ‘的’ will keep you safe.
当你需要用形容词修饰名词时，通常要在形容词和名词之间加上助词“的”。可以把“的”想象成胶水，把描述语粘在人、地方或事物上。许多单音节形容词组合中“的”可以省略，但作为初学者，始终使用“的”是最安全的。
Adjective + 的 + Noun
形容词 + 的 + 名词
Example: piàoliang de yīfu (pretty clothes), dà de fángzi (big house). Avoid saying ‘piàoliang yīfu’ until you know the exceptions. This formula works for multi-syllable adjectives every time.
示例：漂亮的衣服（piàoliang de yīfu）、大的房子（dà de fángzi）。在你掌握特例之前，不要说“漂亮衣服”。对于多音节形容词，这个公式始终有效。
3. Possession with ‘的’ | 所属关系公式
The same ‘的’ that describes things also shows possession. It acts like an apostrophe-s (‘s) in English. Place the owner before ‘的’, and the owned object after it. This pattern never changes, making it one of the most reliable formulas in Chinese.
同样一个“的”，不仅用于描述，还表示所属关系。它的作用相当于英语中的撇号加s（’s）。把拥有者放在“的”之前，所属物放在“的”之后。这个句式从不改变，是中文里最可靠的公式之一。
Owner + 的 + Owned object
拥有者 + 的 + 所属物
Example: Wǒ de shū (my book), lǎoshī de bǐ (the teacher’s pen), māma de shǒujī (mum’s mobile phone). Notice that the structure is identical for pronouns, people, and even longer phrases.
示例：我的书（wǒ de shū）、老师的笔（lǎoshī de bǐ）、妈妈的手机（māma de shǒujī）。注意，无论是代词、人物还是更长的短语，结构完全相同。
4. Questions with ‘吗’ | 疑问句公式 – “吗”
The easiest way to turn a statement into a yes-no question in Chinese is to add the particle ‘吗’ (ma) at the very end of the sentence. You do not need to change the word order or add an auxiliary verb like ‘do’ or ‘does’. Simply state the fact and attach ‘吗’.
把陈述句变成是非问句最简单的方法，就是在句末加上助词“吗”。你不需要改变语序，也不需要像英语那样添加助动词do或does。只需要陈述一个事实，然后加上“吗”即可。
Statement + 吗 ？
Example: Nǐ shì xuésheng. (You are a student.) → Nǐ shì xuésheng ma? (Are you a student?). Tā xǐhuan māo. (He likes cats.) → Tā xǐhuan māo ma? (Does he like cats?). The tone merely rises slightly at the end.
示例：你是学生。（Nǐ shì xuésheng.）→ 你是学生吗？（Nǐ shì xuésheng ma?）。他喜欢猫。（Tā xǐhuan māo.）→ 他喜欢猫吗？（Tā xǐhuan māo ma?）。句末语调只需稍稍上扬。
5. Questions with Interrogative Pronouns | 特殊疑问句公式
When you need to ask who, what, where, when, why, or how, Chinese keeps the same word order as a statement. Simply replace the unknown element with the question word. There is no need to move verbs to the front like in English.
当你需要问“谁、什么、哪里、什么时候、为什么、怎么”时，中文保持陈述句的语序不变，只需用疑问词替换未知的部分。不需要像英语那样把动词提前。
Subject + Verb + Question Word
主语 + 动词 + 疑问词
Example: Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? (What is your name?) — literally ‘You are called what name?’. Tā zhù zài nǎlǐ? (Where does he live?) — literally ‘He lives at where?’. Nǐ zěnme qù xuéxiào? (How do you go to school?) — literally ‘You how go to school?’. Just slot the question word into the natural position of the answer.
示例：你叫什么名字？（Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?）——字面意思“你叫 what 名字？”。他住在哪里？（Tā zhù zài nǎlǐ?）——字面意思“他住在 where？”。你怎么去学校？（Nǐ zěnme qù xuéxiào?）——字面意思“你怎么去学校？”。只需把疑问词放进答案本该在的位置即可。
6. Measure Words | 量词公式
In Chinese, you cannot directly connect a number to a noun. You must use a measure word (classifier) between them. Think of measure words as the units or shapes that package objects. Each category of noun often uses a specific measure word, but ‘个’ (gè) is the universal fallback.
在中文里，数词不能直接与名词连接，必须在两者之间使用量词。可以把量词看作包装物品的单位或形状。每类名词通常有特定的量词，但“个”（gè）是通用的保底用法。
Number + Measure Word + Noun
数词 + 量词 + 名词
Example: yī ge píngguǒ (one apple), sān zhī bǐ (three pens), liǎng tiáo yú (two fish). A quick reference table helps:
示例：一个苹果（yī ge píngguǒ）、三支笔（sān zhī bǐ）、两条鱼（liǎng tiáo yú）。下面的速查表很有帮助：
| Measure Word 量词 | Used for 用于 | Example 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 个 (gè) | general, people, many objects | 一个学生 (yī ge xuésheng) |
| 只 (zhī) | animals, one of a pair | 一只猫 (yī zhī māo) |
| 本 (běn) | books, bound items | 一本书 (yī běn shū) |
| 件 (jiàn) | clothing, matters | 一件衣服 (yī jiàn yīfu) |
| 条 (tiáo) | long, flexible objects | 一条路 (yī tiáo lù) |
| 张 (zhāng) | flat objects | 一张纸 (yī zhāng zhǐ) |
7. Negation with ‘不’ and ‘没’ | 否定公式 – “不”和“没”
To say ‘no’ or ‘not’, Chinese uses two main negative adverbs: ‘不’ (bù) for present and future actions, and for describing states, and ‘没’ (méi) for past actions or to negate the verb ‘to have’. Learning when to use which is like choosing the correct sign in a maths equation.
表示否定时，中文主要使用两个否定副词：“不”（bù）用于现在和将来的动作或描述状态；“没”（méi）用于过去的动作或否定动词“有”。学会根据情况选择，就像在数学方程中选择正确的符号一样。
Subj. + 不 + Verb/Adj. (present/future)
主语 + 不 + 动词/形容词 （现在/将来）
Subj. + 没 + Verb (past) / 没 + 有
主语 + 没 + 动词（过去） / 没 + 有
Example: Wǒ bù chī ròu. (I don’t eat meat. / I won’t eat meat.) — Tā bù gāoxìng. (He is not happy.) — Zuótiān wǒ méi qù. (I didn’t go yesterday.) — Wǒ méi yǒu shǒubiǎo. (I don’t have a watch.)
示例：我不吃肉。（Wǒ bù chī ròu.）—— 他高兴。（Tā bù gāoxìng.）—— 昨天我没去。（Zuótiān wǒ méi qù.）—— 我没有手表。（Wǒ méi yǒu shǒubiǎo.）
8. Completed Action with ‘了’ | 动作完成公式 – “了”
The particle ‘了’ (le) placed directly after a verb indicates that an action has been completed. It is not a past tense marker in the same way as English, but rather a signal that something has been done. Think of it as a tick mark that says “finished!”.
助词“了”直接放在动词之后，表示动作已经完成。它不像英语那样是过去时的标记，而更像是一个信号，表示“做完了！”可以把它想象成一个完成打钩的符号。
Verb + 了
Example: Wǒ chī le píngguǒ. (I ate an apple / I have eaten the apple.) — Tā mǎi le yī běn shū. (He bought a book.) — Note: when the object is simple and has no description, you can also say ‘Wǒ chī píngguǒ le.’ for emphasis on the whole event, but the basic ‘verb + 了 + object’ works for Year 7.
示例：我吃了苹果。（Wǒ chī le píngguǒ.）—— 他买了一本书。（Tā mǎi le yī běn shū.）—— 注意：当宾语简单且无修饰时，也可以说“我吃苹果了”以强调整个事件，但对于Year 7来说，基本的“动词+了+宾语”公式最为稳妥。
9. Pinyin Syllable Structure | 拼音音节结构公式
Every Pinyin syllable is built from three possible parts: an initial (consonant), a final (vowel(s) and sometimes ending), and a tone. Not all syllables have an initial, but they all have a final and a tone. View this as the atom of spoken Chinese.
每个拼音音节都由三个可能的部分组成：声母（辅音）、韵母（元音，有时带韵尾）和声调。不是所有音节都有声母，但所有音节都有韵母和声调。可以将此视为汉语口语的最小原子。
Syllable = (Initial) + Final + Tone
音节 = (声母) + 韵母 + 声调
Example: ‘mā’ — initial m, final a, tone 1st (high level). ‘ài’ — no initial, final ai, tone 4th (falling). ‘zhōng’ — initial zh, final ong, tone 1st. Always mark the tone above the main vowel: mā, má, mǎ, mà, ma.
示例：“mā”——声母m，韵母a，第一声（高平）。“ài”——无声母，韵母ai，第四声（降调）。“zhōng”——声母zh，韵母ong，第一声。始终把声调标在主要元音上方：mā, má, mǎ, mà, ma。
10. Tone Change Rules | 声调变化规则
Some tones shift in predictable ways when they appear together. These are like chain reactions in pronunciation, and learning the rules will stop you from sounding robotic. The two most important shifts involve the third tone and the word ‘不’ (bù).
某些声调在组合时会发生可预测的变化。这些变化就像发音中的连锁反应，掌握它们能让你的读音不再生硬。最重要的两个规则涉及第三声以及“不”字。
3rd tone + 3rd tone → 2nd tone + 3rd tone
第三声 + 第三声 → 第二声 + 第三声
Example: nǐ hǎo (hello) is actually pronounced ní hǎo. Both are 3rd tone in isolation, but the first changes to 2nd tone. Similarly, ‘bù’ (4th tone) becomes bú (2nd tone) before another 4th tone: bù + huì (4) → bú huì.
示例：“你好”（nǐ hǎo）实际读作ní hǎo。单独看两个字都是第三声，但第一个变成第二声。同样，“不”（第四声）在另一个第四声前变成第二声：不 + 会 → 不会 (bú huì)。
11. Stroke Order Rules | 笔顺规则公式
Writing Chinese characters follows a set of standard stroke order principles. Following them helps you write faster, makes characters more balanced, and allows digital handwriting recognition. Think of these as the procedures for constructing a character.
书写汉字遵循一套标准的笔顺原则。遵守笔顺能够让你写得更快，使汉字结构更均衡，还有助于手写输入识别。可以把这些规则视为构造一个汉字的操作步骤。
Top to bottom, left to right, horizontal before vertical, outside before inside, inside before closing frame
先上后下，先左后右，先横后竖，先外后内，先进后关门
Example: The character ‘十’ (shí) — write the horizontal stroke 一 first, then the vertical stroke 丨. ‘人’ (rén) — write the left-falling 丿, then the right-falling 乀. ‘国’ (guó) — write the outside frame 囗, then the inside 玉, then close the bottom line. Always follow these sequences.
示例：汉字“十”——先写横画一，后写竖画丨。“人”——先写丿，后写乀。“国”——先写外框囗，再写里面“玉”，最后封底横。始终遵循这些顺序。
12. Radicals for Meaning Clues | 部首意义速查
Most Chinese characters contain a radical that gives you a hint about the meaning. Recognising these building blocks turns guesswork into an educated deduction. For Year 7, memorise a few core radicals to unlock hundreds of characters.
大部分汉字都包含一个偏旁部首，能给你提供字义的线索。认出这些构字部件，就能把胡乱猜测变成有根据的推断。对Year 7来说，记住几个核心部首，就能解锁上百个汉字。
Radical + Phonetic component = Many characters
部首 + 声旁 = 许多汉字
Example radicals: 氵(three drops of water) appears in 河 (river), 海 (sea), 洗 (wash). 木 (wood) appears in 树 (tree), 林 (forest), 桌 (table). 口 (mouth) appears in 吃 (eat), 喝 (drink), 叫 (call). Radicals often sit on the left or top of the character.
部首示例：氵（三点水）出现在河、海、洗中。木（木字旁）出现在树、林、桌中。口（口字旁）出现在吃、喝、叫中。部首通常位于汉字的左边或上方。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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