📚 Mastering Key Business Terms: A Quick Reference Guide for Year 7 CIE Students | Year 7 CIE 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Getting to grips with business studies starts with understanding the language of trade, money, and decision-making. This guide breaks down the most important Year 7 CIE business terms into clear, bite-sized explanations with matching Chinese translations to help you remember them faster.
掌握商务学科的第一步是理解贸易、货币和决策的语言。本文把七年级 CIE 商务中最关键的术语拆解成清晰、精简的说明，并配上对应的中文解释，帮助你更快记住它们。
1. Business | 企业
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to customers in order to earn a profit. It can be a small local shop or a large multinational company.
企业是指为赚取利润而向顾客提供商品或服务的任何组织。它可以是一家本地小店，也可以是一家大型跨国公司。
You might hear terms like “sole trader” (a business owned by one person) or “partnership” (owned by two or more people). The main goal of most businesses is to satisfy customer needs while making money.
你可能会听到”个体经营户”（一人拥有的企业）或”合伙企业”（两人或以上共同拥有）这类说法。大多数企业的主要目标是在满足顾客需求的同时赚钱。
2. Entrepreneur | 企业家
An entrepreneur is someone who spots a business opportunity, takes a risk, and sets up a new business. They combine resources like money, people, and materials to create something of value.
企业家是那种发现商业机会、承担风险并创办新企业的人。他们把资金、人员和材料等资源组合起来，创造出有价值的东西。
Entrepreneurs are often creative, determined, and willing to face uncertainty. In return, if their idea works, they can earn a profit and build a successful brand.
企业家通常富有创造力、意志坚定且愿意面对不确定性。如果他们的想法成功了，就能获取利润并创立一个成功的品牌。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
A good is a physical item you can touch, like a book, a sandwich, or a smartphone. A service is an action someone does for you, such as a haircut, a bus ride, or a tutor’s lesson.
商品是你能够触摸到的有形物品，比如书、三明治或智能手机。服务是他人为你完成的一种行为，比如理发、乘公交车或家教的辅导课。
Businesses often sell either goods, services, or a mix of both. A restaurant sells goods (the food) but also provides a service (cooking and serving it).
企业通常销售商品、服务或两者的结合。餐馆既销售商品（食物），也提供服务（烹饪和端上桌）。
4. Needs and Wants | 需要与想要
A need is something you must have to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. A want is something you desire to make life more enjoyable, like a video game, a branded bag, or a holiday.
需要是你为了生存而必须拥有的东西，比如食物、水、住所和衣物。想要是你希望拥有的、让生活更愉快的东西，比如电子游戏、名牌包或假期。
Understanding the difference helps businesses decide what to produce. Needs tend to be stable, while wants change with trends and income levels.
理解这一区别有助于企业决定生产什么。需要通常较为稳定，而想要会随潮流和收入水平而变化。
5. Consumer and Producer | 消费者与生产者
A consumer is a person or organisation that uses goods or services. A producer is a person or business that creates goods or provides services.
消费者是使用商品或服务的个人或组织。生产者是创造商品或提供服务的个人或企业。
In a market, consumers create demand, while producers supply the goods. They are like two sides of the same coin, connected by the act of buying and selling.
在市场上，消费者创造需求，生产者提供商品。他们就像硬币的两面，通过买卖行为联系在一起。
6. Market | 市场
A market is any place or system where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services, or money. It can be a physical market like a street stall or an online marketplace like an e-commerce website.
市场是买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品、服务或货币的任何场所或体系。它可以是像街边摊位这样的实体市场，也可以是像电子商务网站那样的线上市场。
Markets can be local, national, or international. They work best when there is competition, clear information, and the freedom for customers to choose.
市场可以是本地、全国或国际性的。当存在竞争、信息清晰且顾客有选择自由时，市场运作得最好。
7. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell at a given price.
需求是消费者愿意并且能够以某个价格购买的产品数量。供给是生产者愿意并且能够以某个价格出售的产品数量。
When demand is high and supply is low, prices tend to rise. When supply is high and demand is low, prices usually fall. This is known as the law of supply and demand.
当需求高、供给低时，价格往往上涨。当供给高、需求低时，价格通常下跌。这就是所谓的供求定律。
8. Cost, Revenue, and Profit | 成本、收入与利润
Cost is the money a business spends to produce goods or services, such as raw materials, wages, and rent. Revenue (or sales income) is the money coming in from selling products. Profit is what remains after all costs have been subtracted from revenue.
成本是企业为生产商品或服务所花费的钱，比如原材料、工资和租金。收入（或销售收入）是销售产品所带来的资金。利润是收入减去所有成本后剩下的部分。
The simple formula is: Profit = Revenue − Costs. A business that fails to make a profit over time may have to close down.
简单公式是：利润 = 收入 − 成本。一个长期无法盈利的企业可能不得不关闭。
9. Resources (Factors of Production) | 资源（生产要素）
To produce goods and services, a business needs four types of resources: land (natural resources), labour (workers), capital (tools, machines, buildings), and enterprise (the entrepreneur who brings them together). These are called the factors of production.
为了生产商品和服务，企业需要四种资源：土地（自然资源）、劳动力（工人）、资本（工具、机器、厂房）和企业精神（将它们组合起来的企业家）。这些被称为生产要素。
Each factor of production earns a reward: rent for land, wages for labour, interest for capital, and profit for enterprise.
每种生产要素都会获得回报：土地获得租金，劳动力获得工资，资本获得利息，企业精神获得利润。
10. Competition | 竞争
Competition happens when multiple businesses try to win the same customers by offering better quality, lower prices, or more attractive features. It can push firms to become more efficient and to innovate.
当多家企业试图通过提供更好的质量、更低的价格或更有吸引力的特性来争取同一群顾客时，就产生了竞争。它能促使企业提高效率、进行创新。
Direct competition exists between businesses selling similar products (e.g., two pizza restaurants). Indirect competition occurs when different products satisfy the same need (e.g., tea vs coffee).
销售相似产品的企业之间存在着直接竞争（比如两家比萨餐厅）。当不同的产品满足同一种需求时，就产生了间接竞争（比如茶与咖啡）。
11. Price, Value, and Utility | 价格、价值与效用
Price is the amount of money a buyer pays for a product. Value is the worth that a customer places on it, which can be higher or lower than the price. Utility is the satisfaction or benefit gained from consuming a product.
价格是买家为产品支付的货币金额。价值是顾客赋予产品的分量，可以高于或低于价格。效用是消费产品所获得的满足感或益处。
If the utility and value are higher than the price, a customer is likely to buy. If the price seems higher than the perceived value, they may walk away.
如果效用和价值高于价格，顾客很可能购买。如果价格看起来高于感知价值，他们可能转身离开。
12. Stakeholder | 利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual or group that has an interest in or is affected by the actions of a business. Common stakeholders include owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the government, and the local community.
利益相关者是与企业的行动有利害关系或受其影响的任何个人或群体。常见的利益相关者包括所有者、员工、顾客、供应商、政府和当地社区。
Different stakeholders often have different goals. Employees want fair pay, customers want quality products, and owners want profit. A responsible business tries to balance these interests.
不同的利益相关者往往有不同的目标。员工想要公平薪酬，顾客想要优质产品，所有者想要利润。一个有责任感的企业会努力平衡这些利益。
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