📚 Past Paper Deep Dive for Year 7 Cambridge Economics | Year 7 剑桥经济学历年真题深度解析
Working through past paper questions is the surest way to build confidence and exam technique in Year 7 Cambridge Economics. This article takes you inside real-style exam questions, covering multiple-choice, structured answers, data analysis, and short essays. Each question is followed by a step‑by‑step bilingual explanation, so you can master both the content and the command words.
刷历年真题是建立 Year 7 剑桥经济学考试信心和技巧最可靠的方法。本文带你深入真实风格的考题，覆盖选择、简答、数据分析和短篇论述。每道题都配有中英双语逐步解析，帮助你同时掌握知识点和指令词。
1. Scarcity and Choice – A Classic MCQ | 稀缺性与选择 – 经典选择题
Question: What is the basic economic problem? A) Governments spend too much. B) Resources are limited but wants are unlimited. C) Inflation is always rising. D) Banks charge high interest rates.
Answer: B
The definition of the economic problem is rooted in scarcity. Land, labour, capital, and enterprise are finite, while people’s desires for goods and services are endless. This mismatch forces every economy to decide what, how, and for whom to produce.
经济问题的定义植根于稀缺性。土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能是有限的，而人们对商品和服务的欲望是无限的。这种不匹配迫使每个经济体决定生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。
In a multiple‑choice question, option B gives the exact wording from the Cambridge syllabus: ‘limited resources, unlimited wants’. The other responses all refer to specific economic outcomes or policies, not the fundamental issue of scarcity.
在一道选择题中，选项 B 给出了与剑桥考纲完全一致的表述：“有限的资源，无限的欲望”。其他选项都指向具体的经济结果或政策，而非根本的稀缺性问题。
When you see a question asking for the ‘basic’ or ‘fundamental’ economic problem, immediately look for the pair ‘unlimited wants’ and ‘limited resources’. That is the universal trigger for the correct choice.
当你看到要求回答“基本”或“根本”经济问题的题目时，立即寻找“无限的欲望”和“有限的资源”这一对关键词。这是选中正确答案的通用触发点。
2. Opportunity Cost – Structured Question | 机会成本 – 结构化问题
Question: Mia has saved £20. She can either buy a cinema ticket (£20) or a new video game (£20). Define opportunity cost and state the opportunity cost of Mia choosing the cinema ticket. [2 marks]
Explanation:
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. Because resources are scarce, every choice involves sacrificing the most desired option given up.
机会成本是做出一项选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。由于资源是稀缺的，每一个选择都意味着牺牲所放弃的最渴望的那个选项。
In Mia’s case, the next best alternative is the video game. Therefore, the opportunity cost of buying the cinema ticket is the enjoyment and utility she would have gained from the video game.
在 Mia 的例子中，次优替代品就是电子游戏。因此，购买电影票的机会成本是她本可以从电子游戏中获得的乐趣和效用。
For a 2‑mark structured question, you earn one mark for defining opportunity cost correctly and one mark for applying it to the scenario. Always name the specific alternative forgone – do not just say ‘the other item’.
对于一道 2 分的结构化题目，正确给出机会成本的定义得 1 分，将其应用到情景中再得 1 分。一定要明确指出被放弃的具体替代品，而不仅仅是“另一件物品”。
A common mistake is to confuse opportunity cost with monetary cost. The monetary cost here is £20, but the opportunity cost is the video game she sacrifices, which reflects non‑monetary value as well.
一个常见错误是将机会成本与货币成本混淆。这里的货币成本是 20 英镑，但机会成本是她牺牲的电子游戏，这同样反映了非货币的价值。
3. Production Possibility Frontier – Diagram Analysis | 生产可能性边界 – 图表分析
Question: A country can produce tractors or wheat. Draw a fully labelled Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) showing the trade‑off. Mark a point X that represents unemployed resources. [3 marks]
Explanation:
The PPF shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed. A curve concave to the origin illustrates increasing opportunity cost as you reallocate resources.
生产可能性边界显示了一个经济体在全部资源得到充分有效利用时所能生产的两种商品的最大组合。一条凹向原点的曲线表明，当你重新配置资源时，机会成本是递增的。
To draw a correct PPF, label the axes: ‘Tractors’ on one axis and ‘Wheat’ on the other. Draw a smooth curve from the vertical axis to the horizontal axis. Any point inside the curve, such as point X, indicates that resources are not fully used – there is unemployment or inefficiency.
要绘制正确的 PPF，先标注坐标轴：一个轴标“拖拉机”，另一个轴标“小麦”。画一条从纵轴到横轴的光滑曲线。曲线内部的任意一点，如 X 点，都表明资源未被充分利用——存在失业或低效率。
In a Cambridge exam, you score marks for correct labels, the shape of the curve, and accurately marking X inside the curve. Do not forget the title ‘Production Possibility Frontier’.
在剑桥考试中，标注正确、曲线形状正确以及准确地将 X 标在曲线内部都能得分。不要忘记加上标题“生产可能性边界”。
If the question asks for a point of ‘unattainable combination’, you would mark a point outside the PPF, showing that current resources cannot reach that output level.
如果题目要求标出“无法实现的组合”，你需要在 PPF 之外标一个点，表明现有资源无法达到该产出水平。
4. Demand and the Demand Curve – Data Interpretation | 需求与需求曲线 – 数据解读
Question: The table shows the weekly demand for chocolate bars at a school canteen. Price ($): 1, 2, 3, 4; Quantity demanded: 80, 60, 40, 20. Plot the demand curve and explain the relationship between price and quantity demanded. [4 marks]
Explanation:
The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls. The table shows an inverse relationship: when price increases from $1 to $2, quantity demanded drops from 80 to 60.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升，需求量就下降。表格显示了一种反向关系：当价格从 1 美元上升到 2 美元时，需求量从 80 降到了 60。
To plot the curve, place ‘Price’ on the vertical axis and ‘Quantity demanded’ on the horizontal axis. Draw a downward‑sloping line connecting the points. Label it ‘D’. The slope is negative because of diminishing marginal utility and the substitution effect.
绘制曲线时，将“价格”放在纵轴，“需求量”放在横轴。画一条穿过各点且向下倾斜的线，标为 D。斜率为负的原因是边际效用递减和替代效应。
When explaining the relationship, avoid saying ‘price falls so demand increases’. Use precise language: ‘quantity demanded’ changes, not ‘demand’ as a whole. Demand refers to the entire curve, which shifts only when other factors, like income, change.
在解释关系时，避免说“价格下降所以需求增加”。要使用精确的语言：“需求量”发生变化，而不是整个“需求”。需求是指整条曲线，只有当收入等其他因素变化时，需求曲线才会移动。
For a 4‑mark question, allocate one mark for correctly plotting points, one for the line, one for the correct label, and one for the explanation linking the law of demand.
对于一道 4 分的题目，正确描点得 1 分，画线得 1 分，标注正确得 1 分，解释环节联系需求定律得 1 分。
5. Supply Shifts – Case Study Question | 供给变动 – 案例分析题
Question: A technology improvement lowers the cost of producing bicycles. Using a supply and demand diagram, show the effect on the bicycle market. Explain the shift in supply. [5 marks]
Explanation:
Lower production costs increase the willingness and ability of firms to supply at every price. This shifts the supply curve to the right, from S to S1. The original equilibrium price P and quantity Q will change: price tends to fall, and quantity increases.
生产成本降低提高了企业在每一价格下供给的意愿和能力。这使供给曲线向右移动，从 S 移到 S1。原来的均衡价格 P 和数量 Q 会发生变化：价格趋于下降，数量增加。
In your diagram, draw a downward‑sloping demand curve and an upward‑sloping supply curve. Label the original equilibrium. Then draw a new supply curve to the right of the original. Mark the new equilibrium, showing a lower price and higher quantity.
在你的图中，画出向下倾斜的需求曲线和向上倾斜的供给曲线，标注初始均衡点。然后在原供给曲线的右侧画出新的供给曲线。标出新均衡点，显示更低的价格和更高的数量。
It is crucial to write ‘increase in supply’, not ‘increase in quantity supplied’. A shift of the entire curve is caused by a change in a non‑price determinant such as technology, inputs, or government subsidies.
关键是要写“供给增加”，而不是“供给量增加”。整条曲线的移动是由非价格决定因素的变化引起的，如技术、投入品或政府补贴。
In a 5‑mark case study response, earn marks for a correctly drawn and labelled diagram (3 marks) and a clear explanation distinguishing between a shift and a movement along the curve (2 marks). Use data from the case if given.
在 5 分的案例分析回答中，正确绘制并标注图表得 3 分，清晰解释并区分曲线移动与沿曲线移动得 2 分。如果提供了案例数据，要加以运用。
6. Market Equilibrium – How Price Is Determined | 市场均衡 – 价格如何决定
Question: Demand schedule: P($) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; Qd 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. Supply schedule: P($) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; Qs 50, 40, 30, 20, 10. Find the equilibrium price and quantity. Explain what would happen at a price of $5. [4 marks]
Explanation:
Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Looking at the table, at $3, Qd = 30 and Qs = 30. Therefore, the equilibrium price is $3 and the equilibrium quantity is 30 units.
均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的时候。查看表格，在 3 美元时，Qd = 30，Qs = 30。所以均衡价格是 3 美元，均衡数量是 30 单位。
At a price of $5, Qs (50) is greater than Qd (10), creating a surplus of 40 units. Producers will lower prices to clear their inventories, and the price will gravitate back towards $3. This is the market mechanism at work.
在 5 美元的价格下，Qs (50) 大于 Qd (10)，出现 40 单位的过剩。生产者会降低价格以清理库存，价格会逐渐回落到 3 美元。这就是市场机制在起作用。
In exam answers, always state ‘surplus’ or ‘shortage’ and describe the adjustment process. Use the phrases ‘downward pressure on price’ or ‘upward pressure on price’ to show you understand how equilibrium is restored.
在考试答案中，一定要写明“过剩”或“短缺”，并描述调整过程。使用“价格下降压力”或“价格上升压力”等短语，以表明你理解均衡是如何恢复的。
If the question asks about a shift in demand or supply, you must find the new equilibrium by comparing the new schedules. Never just guess – always use the data provided.
如果题目问的是需求或供给的移动，你必须通过对比新的供求表来找出新均衡。绝不能凭空猜测——始终要使用给出的数据。
7. Functions of Money – Short Answer Question | 货币的职能 – 简答题
Question: State and explain three functions of money. Give an example for each. [6 marks]
Explanation:
Money serves three core functions. (1) Medium of exchange: it is widely accepted for buying and selling goods, eliminating the need for a double coincidence of wants. Example: using coins to purchase a snack.
货币具备三个核心职能。(1) 交易媒介：它在买卖商品时被普遍接受，消除了对双重要求巧合的需要。例如：用硬币购买零食。
(2) Unit of account: money provides a common measure of the value of goods and services, allowing consumers to compare prices. Example: a restaurant menu listing prices in dollars.
(2) 计价单位：货币为商品和服务的价值提供了一个共同的衡量标准，使消费者可以比较价格。例如：餐厅菜单以美元标价。
(3) Store of value: money can be saved and used later, as it maintains its purchasing power over time, provided inflation is low. Example: keeping money in a piggy bank for a future purchase.
(3) 价值储藏：货币可以储蓄起来以后再使用，只要通胀较低，它就能保持购买力。例如：把钱存进储蓄罐以便未来购买。
For full marks, you must state the function, explain it, and provide a relevant example. Many students lose marks by only stating the name of the function. Practice linking each function to a short, concrete example.
要获得满分，你必须陈述这项职能，对其进行解释，并给出相关例子。许多学生因为只写出职能的名称而丢分。要练习将每项职能与一个简短、具体的例子联系起来。
8. Saving and Borrowing – Real‑World Application | 储蓄与借贷 – 现实应用
Question: Explain two reasons why someone might choose to save money and one reason why they might borrow. [4 marks]
Explanation:
Reason to save 1: Precautionary motive – people save to build a financial safety net for unexpected events, such as a car repair or medical expense. This reduces stress and avoids high‑interest debt.
储蓄原因 1：预防性动机——人们储蓄是为了建立应对突发事件（如修车或医疗费用）的财务安全网。这能降低压力，避免高息债务。
Reason to save 2: Consumption smoothing – individuals might save for a large future purchase, like a holiday or a new phone, enabling them to afford the item without borrowing. It is also an exercise in delayed gratification.
储蓄原因 2：平滑消费——个人可能为了未来的大额消费（如度假或新手机）而储蓄，使其无需借贷就能买得起。这也是延迟满足的一种实践。
Reason to borrow: To invest in human capital, for instance a student loan to attend university. Borrowing makes it possible to acquire skills that lead to higher lifetime income, even with interest costs.
借贷原因：为了对人力资本进行投资，比如学生贷款上大学。借贷使人们有可能习得能带来更高终身收入的技能，即使会产生利息成本。
When answering, link each reason to a clear concept (e.g. ‘opportunity cost’, ‘liquidity’, ‘debt servicing’). Cambridge examiners look for precise economic vocabulary, not just everyday language.
作答时，要把每个原因与一个清晰的概念联系起来（如“机会成本”“流动性”“债务偿还”）。剑桥考官看重的是精确的经济学词汇，而不只是日常用语。
9. Economic Systems – Compare and Contrast | 经济体系 – 比较与对比
Question: Compare how the three basic economic questions are answered in a market economy and a planned economy. [6 marks]
Explanation:
In a market economy, the questions of what, how, and for whom to produce are decided by price signals and the interaction of supply and demand. Consumers’ preferences and firms’ profit motives guide resource allocation. Private property and competition are central.
在市场经济中，生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题由价格信号与供求互动决定。消费者的偏好和企业的利润动机引导着资源配置。私有产权和竞争是核心。
In a planned economy, the government makes all key decisions. A central planning authority draws up production targets, allocates resources, and determines distribution. It often emphasizes social welfare and equality, but can suffer from slow responses and shortages.
在计划经济中，政府做出所有关键决策。中央计划机构制定生产目标、分配资源并决定分配。它往往强调社会福利和平等，但可能面临反应迟缓和短缺的问题。
A strong comparison answer would use a table or paired bullet points contrasting the two systems on each of the three questions. For example, in a market economy, firms produce goods for those who can pay; in a planned economy, the state tries to meet needs as defined by the plan.
一份有力的比较答案会使用表格或成对的要点，分别就三个问题对比两种体系。例如，在市场经济中，企业为有支付能力的人生产商品；而在计划经济中，国家试图满足计划所界定的需求。
Remember to bring in concepts like ‘consumer sovereignty’, ‘invisible hand’, and ‘command economy’ to deepen your analysis. Avoid only listing features without using the three questions as a framework.
记住引入“消费者主权”“看不见的手”和“指令经济”等概念来深化分析。避免只罗列特点而不以三个基本问题为框架。
10. The Basic Economic Problem – Essay‑Style Response | 基本经济问题 – 小论文式回答
Question: ‘The basic economic problem of scarcity means that all societies must make choices and incur opportunity costs.’ Discuss this statement. [8 marks]
Explanation:
Begin by defining scarcity: finite resources versus infinite wants. Because of scarcity, societies confront three fundamental interrogatives – what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom. Each choice carries an opportunity cost.
开篇先定义稀缺性：有限的资源与无限的欲望。由于稀缺性，社会面临三个根本性的问题——生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产。每一个选择都伴随着机会成本。
In your discussion, apply the Production Possibility Frontier as a model. A point on the PPF shows an efficient combination; moving from one point to another illustrates the trade‑off and the opportunity cost of gaining more of one good.
在论述中，运用生产可能性边界作为模型。PPF 上的一个点代表一种有效率的组合；从一个点移动到另一个点说明了取舍，以及增加一种商品所带来的机会成本。
Conclude by linking the concept to real‑world decisions, like a government choosing between spending on healthcare or education. This demonstrates deeper understanding and pushes your answer into the top mark band.
结尾将概念与现实决策联系起来，例如政府在医疗和教育支出之间的选择。这展示出更深层的理解，可将你的答案推向最高分档。
For an 8‑mark essay, structure your answer: definition (1 mark), explanation using an economic model (3 marks), real‑world application (2 marks), and a reasoned conclusion (2 marks). Use connectives like ‘consequently’, ‘therefore’, and ‘on the other hand’.
对于 8 分的小论文，答案结构应为：定义（1 分），运用经济模型解释（3 分），现实应用（2 分），以及有理有据的结论（2 分）。使用“因此”“所以”“另一方面”等连接词。
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