📚 Philosophy Key Vocabulary & Quick Memorisation Guide | 哲学核心词汇速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 CAIE Philosophy vocabulary guide! Philosophy is about asking big questions, thinking carefully, and using clear language. This guide will help you learn and remember the most important terms you will encounter. Each term comes with a simple definition and a memory trick to make it stick. Mastering these words will sharpen your thinking and boost your confidence in class discussions.
欢迎来到 Year 7 CAIE 哲学词汇指南！哲学关乎提出大问题、严谨思考和使用清晰的语言。本指南将帮助你学习并记住你将遇到的最重要的术语。每个术语都附带简单的定义和记忆妙招，帮你牢记。掌握这些词汇将使你的思维更敏锐，并增强你在课堂讨论中的信心。
1. Philosophy | 哲学
Philosophy comes from the Greek words ‘philo-‘ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). So philosophy literally means ‘love of wisdom’. It is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophers do not just accept things at face value; they question, analyse, and argue.
哲学源自希腊词语 ‘philo-‘（爱）和 ‘sophia’（智慧），因此哲学的字面意思是“爱智慧”。它研究关于存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵和语言的根本问题。哲学家不会只接受事物的表面，他们质疑、分析和论证。
Memory tip: To remember ‘philosophy’, think of ‘Philip loves Sophia’ – a name that captures the love of wisdom. Picture a wise owl whispering questions into the ear of a curious thinker.
记忆妙招：要记住“哲学”，可以联想“菲利普爱索菲亚”——一个体现爱智慧的名字。想象一只智慧的猫头鹰在好奇的思考者耳边低语提问。
2. Logic | 逻辑
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It gives us rules to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. In logic, we care about the structure of an argument, not whether we like the conclusion. Using logic helps us think clearly and avoid fallacies.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学问。它为我们提供区分好论证与坏论证的规则。在逻辑中，我们关注论证的结构，而不在于我们是否喜欢结论。使用逻辑有助于我们清晰地思考并避免谬误。
Memory tip: ‘Logic’ sounds like ‘low-jick’ – a low, tricky staircase you must climb carefully. Each step follows the previous one, just like reasons leading to a conclusion. No gaps allowed!
记忆妙招：“逻辑”听起来像“楼道阶梯”——你必须小心攀爬的低矮楼梯。每一步都紧随前一步，就像理由导向结论。不允许有缺口！
3. Argument | 论证
In philosophy, an argument is not a shouting match. It is a set of statements where some (premises) are offered as reasons to support another (conclusion). An argument tries to convince you that something is true by giving evidence or reasons.
在哲学中，论证不是争吵。它是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）被提供作为支持另一个（结论）的理由。论证试图通过提供证据或理由让你相信某事为真。
Memory tip: Picture an argument as a bridge built from blocks of reasons (premises) leading to a castle (conclusion). If any block is missing, the bridge collapses. The stronger the blocks, the safer the path to truth.
记忆妙招：将论证想象成一座由理由方块（前提）搭建通往真理城堡（结论）的桥梁。如果任一砖块缺失，桥就会坍塌。砖块越坚固，通往真理之路越安全。
4. Premise & Conclusion | 前提与结论
A premise is a reason given in an argument. A conclusion is the claim the argument is trying to prove. Example: ‘All humans are mortal (premise). Socrates is human (premise). Therefore, Socrates is mortal (conclusion).’ The conclusion usually follows indicator words like ‘therefore’ or ‘so’.
前提是论证中给出的理由。结论是论证试图证明的主张。例如：“所有人都会死（前提）。苏格拉底是人（前提）。所以，苏格拉底会死（结论）。”结论通常跟在指示词如“所以”或“因此”之后。
Memory tip: ‘Premise’ sounds like ‘promise’ – a premise promises to support the conclusion. Remember: Premises Promise Proof. Think of the conclusion as the ‘grand finale’ of the thinking show.
记忆妙招：“前提”听起来像“前蹄”——马的蹄子支撑身体前行，前提支撑结论。把结论想象成思考表演的“终场大戏”。
5. Validity & Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
A valid argument is one where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. It is about correct logical form. A sound argument is a valid argument with true premises. So sound = valid + true premises. If an argument is sound, its conclusion is guaranteed true.
一个有效论证是如果前提为真，结论必然为真的论证。它关乎正确的逻辑形式。一个可靠论证是前提真实的有效论证。因此可靠 = 有效 + 真实前提。如果一个论证是可靠的，其结论必然为真。
Memory tip: Think of a ‘valid’ ticket – it has the correct shape to let you enter a concert, but it might be counterfeit (false premises). A ‘sound’ ticket is both correctly shaped and genuine. Only sound arguments let you into the concert of truth.
记忆妙招：把“有效”想象成入场券——它有正确的形状让你进入音乐会，但可能是假票（假前提）。“可靠”的票既形状正确又是真票。只有可靠的论证能让你进入真理的音乐会。
6. Ethics & Morality | 伦理与道德
Ethics (or moral philosophy) is the study of right and wrong, good and bad. Morality refers to the actual beliefs and practices about right and wrong. Ethics asks questions like ‘How should we live?’ and ‘What makes an action right?’
伦理学（或道德哲学）研究对与错、善与恶。道德指涉对与错的实际信念与实践。伦理学提出诸如“我们应该如何生活？”和“什么使一个行为正确？”等问题。
Memory tip: ‘Ethics’ sounds like ‘ethos’ – character. Imagine a person with a glowing halo of good character making tough choices. Morality is like the invisible map of right and wrong drawn by our community and conscience.
记忆妙招：“伦理”与“理论”谐音——指导我们选择正确道路的理论。想象一个发光的道德指南针，每次做出正确决定时指针都会指向“善”。
7. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It focuses on consequences, not intentions. Key phrase: ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’.
功利主义是一种伦理理论，主张最好的行为是为最多人带来最大幸福的行为。它关注结果而非意图。关键短语：“最大多数人的最大幸福”。
Memory tip: Break it into ‘Util’ (useful) + ‘Tarot’ – imagine a tarot card showing many happy faces. The useful choice creates the most smiles. Think of a giant happiness calculator adding up all the smiles from each possible action.
记忆妙招：拆解记忆：“功利”中的“功”像功用的功，“利”像利益。想象一台巨大的幸福计算器，为每一种可能的行为累加所有笑脸。选择笑脸总数最多的那个行为。
8. Free Will | 自由意志
Free will is the idea that we are able to make choices that are not determined by prior causes. It is about being the author of our actions. The opposite is determinism, the view that all events, including our choices, are caused by previous events.
自由意志是这样一种观念：我们能够做出不是由先前原因决定的选择。它关乎我们是自己行为的主人。对立面是决定论，认为所有事件，包括我们的选择，都是由先前事件引起的。
Memory tip: Think of ‘free will’ as a ‘free wheel’ – a steering wheel you can turn in any direction, not stuck on a fixed railway track. You are the driver, not just a passenger.
记忆妙招：把“自由意志”想象成一个“自由方向盘”——你可以转向任何方向，而不是被固定在铁轨上。你是司机，而不只是乘客。
9. Mind-Body Problem | 心身问题
The mind-body problem asks: what is the relationship between our mind (thoughts, feelings) and our physical body (brain, neurons)? Are they separate things (dualism) or is the mind just the brain in action (physicalism)?
心身问题问的是：我们的心灵（思想、感受）和我们的物质身体（大脑、神经元）之间是什么关系？它们是分离的东西（二元论）还是心灵只是大脑的活动（物理主义）？
Memory tip: Picture a ghost (mind) inside a machine (body). Dualism says ghost and machine are two different substances. Physicalism says the ghost is just the machine’s software running – inseparable from the hardware.
记忆妙招：想象一个鬼魂（心灵）在一台机器（身体）里。二元论说鬼魂和机器是两种不同的实体。物理主义说鬼魂只是机器运行的软件——与硬件不可分离。
10. Epistemology | 认识论
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It asks: What is knowledge? How do we get it? The classic definition is ‘justified true belief’. To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons (justification).
认识论是关于知识的理论。它问：什么是知识？我们如何获得知识？经典定义是“被确证的真信念”。要认识某事，你必须相信它，它必须是真的，你必须有充分的理由（确证）。
Memory tip: Break ‘epistemology’: ‘epi’ (upon) + ‘steme’ (stand) + ‘ology’ (study) – standing upon knowledge. Imagine a person standing on a sturdy stack of books to clearly see the truth. JTB: Justified True Book!
记忆妙招：拆解“认识论”：episteme 在希腊语中意为知识，-logy 是学问。想象一个人站在厚厚的知识之书上瞭望真理。JTB 口诀：有理由的真书 (Justified True Book)！
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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