📚 Philosophy Vocabulary Quick Guide | 哲学词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 Cambridge Philosophy vocabulary guide. Mastering key terms is the first step to thinking like a philosopher. This article introduces essential words and concepts you will meet in ethics, logic, knowledge, and metaphysics, with simple explanations and memory tips.
欢迎阅读七年级剑桥哲学词汇速记指南。掌握关键术语是像哲学家一样思考的第一步。本指南将介绍你在伦理学、逻辑学、知识论和形而上学中会遇到的核心词汇，并附上简单解释和速记技巧。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy – the love of wisdom. The word comes from Greek ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). It is the activity of asking deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
哲学——对智慧的热爱。这个词来自希腊语 “philo”（爱）和 “sophia”（智慧）。它是一种对存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵和语言等深层问题不断追问的活动。
Philosopher – a person who seeks wisdom and asks foundational questions, such as “What is real?” and “How should we live?”
哲学家——寻求智慧并提出基础性问题的人，例如 “什么是真实的？” 和 “我们应当如何生活？”
Wisdom – not just knowing facts, but having deep understanding and good judgement.
智慧——不仅仅是知道事实，而是拥有深刻的理解和良好的判断力。
Inquiry – the process of asking questions and searching for answers. Philosophy begins with wonder.
探究——提出问题并寻找答案的过程。哲学始于惊奇。
Memory tip: Think of a ‘philo-sophia’ sandwich: love filling between slices of wisdom. Also, ‘philharmonic’ means love of harmony, and ‘sophisticated’ originally meant wise.
记忆技巧：想象一个”philo-sophia”三明治：两片智慧面包夹着一层爱。另外，”philharmonic” 意为热爱和谐，”sophisticated” 最初指智慧。
2. Core Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的核心分支
Ethics – the study of right and wrong, good and bad. It asks “How should we act?” and “What makes a good life?”
伦理学——研究对与错、善与恶的学科。它追问 “我们应该如何行动？” 和 “什么是好的生活？”
Epistemology – the theory of knowledge. It examines “What can we know?” and “What is the difference between belief and knowledge?”
认识论——关于知识的理论。它探讨 “我们能知道什么？” 和 “信念与知识有何不同？”
Metaphysics – the branch that explores the nature of reality. Big questions: “What is existence?” “Do we have free will?” “What is time?”
形而上学——探索实在之本性的分支。大问题：”什么是存在？” “我们有自由意志吗？” “时间是什么？”
Logic – the study of correct reasoning. It provides rules for constructing and evaluating arguments.
逻辑学——研究正确推理的学科。它提供构建和评价论证的规则。
Aesthetics – the philosophy of beauty and art. It asks “What makes something beautiful?”
美学——关于美和艺术的哲学。它追问 “是什么让事物变得美？”
Memory tip: Remember ‘M.E.L.A.’ – Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic, Aesthetics (ethics sneaks in as the ‘E’ if you prefer ‘M.E.L.A.E.’). Metaphysics is about what is real; Epistemology is how you know it.
记忆技巧：记住 “M.E.L.A.”——形而上学(M)、认识论(E)、逻辑学(L)、美学(A)，伦理学可以用另一个 E 加入。形而上学关乎什么是真实；认识论关乎你如何知道它。
3. Ethics and Moral Concepts | 伦理与道德概念
Morality – the principles and rules that tell us what is right and wrong, often shared by a community.
道德——告诉我们什么是对与错的原则和规则，通常由一个群体共享。
Ethics – the philosophical study of morality; thinking critically about moral principles.
伦理——对道德的哲学研究；批判性地思考道德原则。
Virtue – a character trait that is morally good, like honesty, courage, and kindness. Aristotle said virtues are habits we develop.
美德——一种道德上好的品质，如诚实、勇敢和善良。亚里士多德说美德是我们养成的习惯。
Duty – something you must do because it is your moral obligation. Deontology focuses on duties and rules.
义务——你必须做的事情，因为它是你的道德责任。义务论聚焦于责任和规则。
Consequentialism – the theory that the rightness of an action depends on its consequences. If the outcome is good, the act is right.
结果主义——一种认为行为正确与否取决于其结果的理论。如果结果好，行为就是对的。
Utilitarianism – a type of consequentialism that says the best action brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.
功利主义——一种结果主义，认为最好的行为能为最大多数人带来最大的幸福。
The Golden Rule – “Treat others as you would like to be treated.” Found in many cultures and religions.
黄金法则—— “你希望别人怎样对待你，你就怎样对待别人。” 存在于许多文化和宗教中。
Memory tip: Consequentialism = consequences count. Utilitarianism = utility (usefulness for happiness). Deontology = ‘deon’ (Greek for duty). The Golden Rule is a simple moral compass.
记忆技巧：结果主义 = 结果算数。功利主义 = 功利（对幸福的用处）。义务论 = ‘deon’（希腊语中的义务）。黄金法则是一把简单的道德指南针。
4. Logic: The Structure of Reasoning | 逻辑：推理的结构
Argument – a set of statements where one statement (the conclusion) is supported by the others (the premises). Not a fight, but a reasoned chain.
论证——由若干陈述组成，其中一个陈述（结论）得到其他陈述（前提）的支持。不是争吵，而是一条理性的链条。
Premise – a reason or piece of evidence offered to support a conclusion.
前提——用来支持结论的理由或证据。
Conclusion – the statement that an argument tries to prove.
结论——论证试图证明的陈述。
Validity – an argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, even if the premises are false. Validity is about the form, not the truth.
有效性——如果结论从前提中逻辑地推出，则该论证有效，即使前提为假。有效性关乎形式，而非真理。
Soundness – an argument is sound if it is valid and all its premises are actually true. A sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.
可靠性——一个论证如果既有效又所有前提为真，则它是可靠的。一个可靠的论证保证结论为真。
Example: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. This is valid and sound.
例子：前提1：所有人都会死。前提2：苏格拉底是人。结论：所以，苏格拉底会死。这个论证有效且可靠。
Memory tip: Validity checks the structure: “If premises are true, must the conclusion be true?” Soundness checks the truth: “Are the premises actually true?” Think of a sound argument as a valid one built on solid ground.
记忆技巧：有效性检查结构：”如果前提为真，结论必然为真吗？” 可靠性检查真理：”前提实际上为真吗？” 可以把可靠的论证想象成建立在坚实基础上的有效论证。
5. Epistemology: Knowledge and Belief | 认识论：知识与信念
Belief – accepting something as true. You can believe something without having good reasons.
信念——接受某事为真。你可能在没有充分理由的情况下相信某事。
Knowledge – classically defined as “justified true belief”. You know something if you believe it, it is true, and you have good reasons (justification) for believing it.
知识——经典定义为 “得到辩护的真信念”。你知道某事，意味着你相信它，它是真的，并且你有充分的理由（辩护）相信它。
Justification – the evidence or reasoning that supports a belief, turning it into knowledge.
辩护——支持一个信念的证据或推理，使其成为知识。
Fact – something that is true regardless of what anyone believes. “Water freezes at 0°C” is a fact.
事实——无论人们相信与否都为真的事情。”水在0°C结冰” 是一个事实。
Opinion – a personal judgement or view, which can be true or false, but is not a universal fact. “Vanilla is the best flavour” is an opinion.
观点——个人的判断或看法，可能为真或假，但不是普遍事实。”香草是最棒的口味” 是一个观点。
Scepticism – the attitude of doubting knowledge claims. A sceptic asks “How do you know that?” and demands strong evidence.
怀疑主义——怀疑知识主张的态度。怀疑论者会问 “你怎么知道？” 并要求强有力的证据。
Memory tip: Knowledge = ‘K = JTB’ (Justified True Belief). Scepticism = ‘Sceptic’ sounds like ‘sceptic tank’, always checking if beliefs hold water.
记忆技巧：知识 = ‘K = JTB’（得到辩护的真信念）。怀疑主义 = ‘Sceptic’ 听起来像 ‘sceptic tank’（怀疑水箱），总在检查信念是否不漏水。
6. Metaphysics: Truth and Reality | 形而上学：真理与现实
Reality – everything that actually exists, whether we perceive it or not. Metaphysics asks “What is the ultimate nature of reality?”
实在——所有实际存在的事物，不论我们是否感知到。形而上学追问 “实在的终极本质是什么？”
Truth – a statement is true if it matches reality. For example, “The Earth orbits the Sun” is true because that is how things are.
真理——一个陈述如果与实在相符，则为真。例如，”地球绕太阳转” 是真的，因为事实就是如此。
Appearance – how things seem to us through our senses. Sometimes appearances can be misleading, like a stick looking bent in water.
表象——事物通过感官向我们显现的样子。有时表象具有误导性，比如一根棍子在水里看起来弯了。
Perception – the process by which we become aware of things through our senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc.). Philosophers debate whether we perceive reality directly.
感知——我们通过感官（视觉、听觉、触觉等）意识到事物的过程。哲学家争论我们是否能直接感知实在。
Illusion – a false perception, where things appear differently from how they really are. The Muller-Lyer illusion makes two equal lines look different lengths.
错觉——一种错误的感知，事物看起来与实际情况不同。穆勒-莱尔错觉使两条等长的线看起来长度不同。
Memory tip: Reality is what persists even when you stop believing in it. Truth is the match between a statement and reality. An illusion is a trick of perception; a mirage is an illusion, not reality.
记忆技巧：实在就是即使你不再相信它，它也依然存在的东西。真理是陈述与实在的匹配。错觉是感知的伎俩；海市蜃楼是错觉，不是实在。
7. Philosophy of Mind | 心灵哲学
Mind – the part of a person that thinks, feels, perceives, and has consciousness. It includes thoughts, emotions, and memories.
心灵——人用来思考、感受、感知和拥有意识的部分。它包括思想、情绪和记忆。
Body – the physical organism, including the brain, made of matter and obeying physical laws.
身体——物理有机体，包括大脑，由物质组成并遵循物理定律。
Dualism – the view that the mind and body are two fundamentally different substances. Descartes argued that the mind is non-physical, while the body is physical.
二元论——认为心灵和身体是两种根本不同的实体。笛卡尔认为心灵是非物质的，而身体是物质的。
Monism – the view that there is only one kind of substance. Materialism says everything, including the mind, is physical. Idealism says everything is mental.
一元论——认为只存在一种实体的观点。唯物主义认为一切包括心灵都是物质的。唯心主义认为一切都是精神的。
Consciousness – the state of being aware of yourself and your surroundings. It is often described as “what it is like” to be you.
意识——对自己和周围环境觉知的状态。常被描述为 “成为你是什么感觉”。
Memory tip: Dualism = two (duo) substances. Monism = one (mono) substance. Descartes’ famous quote: “I think, therefore I am” emphasizes the thinking mind as proof of existence.
记忆技巧：二元论 = 两种（duo）实体。一元论 = 一种（mono）实体。笛卡尔的名言：”我思故我在”强调思考的心灵作为存在的证明。
8. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Free Will – the ability to make choices that are not completely determined by prior causes. If you have free will, you could have done otherwise.
自由意志——做出不完全由先前原因决定的选择的能力。如果你有自由意志，你本可以做出不同的选择。
Determinism – the idea that every event, including human decisions, is caused by previous events in a predictable way. The future is fixed by the past.
决定论——认为每个事件，包括人的决定，都是由先前事件以可预测的方式引起的。未来已经被过去固定。
Moral Responsibility – the idea that people can be praised or blamed for their actions only if they had free will. If determinism is true, are we really responsible?
道德责任——认为只有人们拥有自由意志时，其行为才能受到赞扬或责备。如果决定论为真，我们真的负有责任吗？
Compatibilism – the view that free will and determinism can coexist. Some philosophers say free will just means doing what you want without external force, even if your wants are determined.
相容论——认为自由意志和决定论可以共存。一些哲学家说自由意志只是指在没有外力强迫下做你想做的事，即使你的欲望是决定的。
Memory tip: Determinism = every event is determined like dominos falling. Free Will = you could have chosen a different domino to push. Compatibilism = the dominos fall because you wanted them to, and that is enough for freedom.
记忆技巧：决定论 = 每个事件都像多米诺骨牌倒下一样被决定。自由意志 = 你本可以选择推另一块骨牌。相容论 = 骨牌倒下是因为你想让它倒，这足以构成自由。
9. Key Thinkers and Their Big Ideas | 重要思想家及其伟大思想
Socrates – an ancient Greek philosopher who used questions to challenge people’s beliefs. The Socratic method involves asking “Why?” until hidden assumptions are revealed.
苏格拉底——古希腊哲学家，他用提问来挑战人们的信念。苏格拉底式方法就是不断追问 “为什么？” 直到揭示隐藏的假设。
Plato – a student of Socrates, he wrote about ideal Forms (perfect blueprints of things), and the Allegory of the Cave, which teaches that most people only see shadows of reality.
柏拉图——苏格拉底的学生，他写了关于理型（事物的完美蓝图）的著作，还有洞穴寓言，教导人们大多数人只看到了实在的影子。
Aristotle – Plato’s student, he focused on empirical observation and logic. He developed virtue ethics, emphasising good character as the path to a flourishing life.
亚里士多德——柏拉图的学生，他专注于经验观察和逻辑学。他发展了德性伦理，强调良好的品格是通往繁荣生活之路。
Descartes – known for “I think, therefore I am” (Cogito, ergo sum). He was a dualist who separated mind and body.
笛卡尔——以 “我思故我在”（Cogito, ergo sum）闻名。他是一位二元论者，将心灵和身体分开。
Memory tip: Socrates asked, Plato imagined ideal Forms, Aristotle observed nature, Descartes doubted everything except his own thinking. Remember them as ‘Ask, Imagine, Observe, Doubt’.
记忆技巧：苏格拉底提问，柏拉图想象理型，亚里士多德观察自然，笛卡尔怀疑除自身思考外的一切。把他们记为 “问、想、观、疑”。
10. Common Fallacies | 常见谬误
Fallacy – a mistake in reasoning that weakens an argument. Fallacies can be tricky because they often sound persuasive.
谬误——推理中的错误，会削弱论证。谬误很狡猾，因为它们常常听起来有说服力。
Ad Hominem – attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself. Example: “You can’t trust her idea on pollution; she drives a big car.”
人身攻击——攻击提出论证的人，而不是论证本身。例如：”你不能相信她关于污染的看法；她开的是大排量汽车。”
Straw Man – misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. You build a “straw man” and knock it down.
稻草人——歪曲某人的论证使之更容易攻击。你竖起一个 “稻草人”，然后把它打倒。
Appeal to Ignorance – claiming something is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa. “No one has proved aliens don’t exist, so they must exist.”
诉诸无知——因某事未证明为假而声称它为真，反之亦然。”没人证明外星人不存在，所以他们一定存在。”
False Dilemma – presenting only two options when more exist. “Either you love your country or you hate it.”
假两难——在存在更多选项时只呈现两种选择。”要么你爱你的国家，要么你恨它。”
Memory tip: Ad Hominem = to the person (Latin). Straw man is a flimsy dummy. False dilemma forces you to pick from a limited menu. Think of a restaurant with only two dishes when there is a full buffet.
记忆技巧：人身攻击 = 针对人（拉丁语）。稻草人是一个脆弱的假人。假两难强迫你从有限的菜单中挑选。想象一家餐馆只有两道菜，实际上有全套自助餐。
11. Word Roots and Mnemonics | 词根与助记法
Philosophy vocabulary becomes easier when you crack the Greek and Latin roots. ‘Logos’ means word, reason, or study. ‘Ethos’ means custom or character.
当你破解了希腊和拉丁词根后，哲学术语就变得容易了。”Logos” 意味着词语、理性或研究。”Ethos” 意味着习俗或品格。
Epistemology: ‘episteme’ (knowledge) + ‘logos’ (study) = study of knowledge.
认识论：’episteme’（知识）+ ‘logos’（研究）= 关于知识的研究。
Metaphysics: ‘meta’ (beyond) + ‘physics’ (nature) = the study of what is beyond the physical world.
形而上学：’meta’（在……之后/超越）+ ‘physics’（物理学）= 研究物理世界之后的东西。
Aesthetics: ‘aisthetikos’ (sensitive, perceptive) = study of beauty and sensory experience.
美学：’aisthetikos’（感性的，感知的）= 对美和感官体验的研究。
Mnemonics: Use ‘S.P.A.D.E.’ for the Socratic method: Search for truth by Probing Assumptions, Doubting, and Examining evidence. Create your own acronyms.
助记术：用 “S.P.A.D.E.” 记苏格拉底式方法：通过探究假设、怀疑和审查证据来寻找真理。创造你自己的首字母缩写。
Memory tip: Build a “root tree”: ‘philo’ = love, ‘soph’ = wisdom, ‘log’ = reason/study, ‘eth’ = custom. Draw a tree and watch the words branch out.
记忆技巧：建立一棵 “词根树”：’philo’ = 爱，’soph’ = 智慧，’log’ = 理性/研究，’eth’ = 习俗。画一棵树，看着单词像树枝一样延伸出去。
12. Putting It All Together | 综合运用
The best way to remember these terms is to use them. Try to identify a philosophical concept in a story, film, or everyday conversation. When you hear “That’s not fair,” you can think about ethics and justice.
记住这些术语的最佳方法是使用它们。尝试在故事、电影或日常对话中识别哲学概念。当你听到 “这不公平” 时，你可以思考伦理和正义。
Review the branches: Metaphysics (reality), Epistemology (knowledge), Ethics (morality), Logic (reasoning). If you can define each and give an example, you are thinking like a philosopher.
回顾这些分支：形而上学（实在）、认识论（知识）、伦理学（道德）、逻辑学（推理）。如果你能定义每一个并给出例子，你就在像哲学家一样思考。
Quick quiz: What is the difference between validity
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