📚 Philosophy Vocabulary Quick Memorization Guide | 哲学词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 CCEA Philosophy vocabulary guide! This article breaks down key terms using simple explanations and clever memory tricks. You will move from ‘philosophy’ itself right through to tricky ideas like determinism and the problem of evil, all while building a solid vocabulary toolkit for class discussions and written work.
欢迎来到 Year 7 CCEA 哲学词汇指南！本文用简单的解释和巧妙的记忆技巧分解关键术语。从“哲学”本身一直延伸到决定论和恶的问题等复杂概念，你将逐步建立一个扎实的词汇工具箱，用于课堂讨论和书面作业。
1. What Is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
The word philosophy comes from the Greek ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom), so it means ‘love of wisdom’. Philosophers ask big questions about existence, knowledge, right and wrong, and the mind.
单词 philosophy 源自希腊语“philo”（爱）和“sophia”（智慧），因此它意味着“爱智慧”。哲学家们追问关于存在、知识、对与错以及心灵的大问题。
A classic phrase to remember is Socrates’ saying: ‘The unexamined life is not worth living.’ This shows that philosophy is not just thinking, but actively questioning our own beliefs and values.
一个经典的记忆短句是苏格拉底的名言：“未经审视的人生不值得过。”这表明哲学不仅是思考，更是主动质疑我们自己的信念和价值观。
Memory hack: Picture a wise owl wearing glasses with a heart-shaped ‘philo’ badge, cuddling a book labelled ‘sophia’. Love + Wisdom = Philosophy.
记忆窍门：想象一只戴着眼镜的聪明猫头鹰，佩戴心形“philo”徽章，抱着一本标着“sophia”的书。爱 + 智慧 = 哲学。
2. Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的分支
Philosophy has five main branches. Metaphysics asks ‘What is real?’ Epistemology studies knowledge and belief. Ethics deals with right and wrong actions. Logic examines good and bad reasoning. Aesthetics explores beauty and art.
哲学有五大主要分支。形而上学 (Metaphysics) 追问“什么是真实的？”。认识论 (Epistemology) 研究知识与信念。伦理学 (Ethics) 处理对与错的行为。逻辑学 (Logic) 审视推理的好坏。美学 (Aesthetics) 探索美与艺术。
To memorise the branches, use the acronym M.E.E.L.A. and the silly sentence: ‘My Elderly Elephant Loves Apples.’ Each capital letter stands for Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Aesthetics.
要记住这些分支，使用首字母缩略词 M.E.E.L.A. 和滑稽句子：“My Elderly Elephant Loves Apples”（我年迈的大象喜欢苹果）。每个大写字母分别代表形而上学、认识论、伦理学、逻辑学、美学。
3. Ethics and Morality | 伦理学与道德
Ethics and morality both deal with right and wrong, but ethics often refers to the systematic study of moral principles, while morality is the actual set of rules or habits we follow. In everyday speech they are often used interchangeably.
伦理学 (ethics) 和 道德 (morality) 都讨论对与错，但伦理学通常指对道德原则的系统研究，而道德是我们实际遵循的一套规则或习惯。在日常用语中两者常可互换。
Three key ethical theories: virtue ethics focuses on a person’s character (what kind of person should I be?), utilitarianism says the best action is the one that produces the most happiness for the most people, and deontology says we must follow moral duties and rules, no matter the outcome.
三种关键伦理理论：德性伦理学 (virtue ethics) 关注人的品格（我应该成为什么样的人？），功利主义 (utilitarianism) 认为最佳行为是为最多人创造最大幸福，而义务论 (deontology) 说我们必须遵循道德义务和规则，无论结果如何。
Quick memory map: Virtue = Character, Utility = Usefulness/Happiness, Deontology = Duty. Think of a three-legged stool: character, consequences, commands.
快速记忆导图：德性 = 品格，功利 = 有用/幸福，义务论 = 责任。想象一张三脚凳：品格、后果、命令。
4. Logic and Arguments | 逻辑与论证
An argument in philosophy is not a fight; it is a set of statements where some (the premises) are meant to support another (the conclusion). Logic is the tool we use to evaluate whether the premises really do force the conclusion.
哲学中的论证 (argument) 不是吵架；它是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）旨在支持另一个（结论）。逻辑是我们用来评估前提是否的确必然推出结论的工具。
A valid argument means that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. A sound argument is valid AND has all true premises. If an argument is not valid, we call it a fallacy.
一个有效的论证意味着如果前提为真，结论必然为真。一个可靠的论证是有效且所有前提都为真。如果一个论证无效，我们称之为谬误。
Memorise the chain: Premises → (logic test) → Conclusion. Valid = structure is correct. Sound = structure correct + true ingredients.
记住链条：前提 → (逻辑检验) → 结论。有效 = 结构正确。可靠 = 结构正确 + 真实原料。
5. Premise and Conclusion in Action | 前提与结论实战
Look at a simple argument: Premise 1: All Year 7 pupils study philosophy. Premise 2: Alice is in Year 7. Conclusion: Therefore, Alice studies philosophy.
看一个简单论证：前提1：所有Year 7学生都学哲学。前提2：Alice在读Year 7。结论：因此，Alice学哲学。
This is a deductive argument, where the conclusion is guaranteed if the premises are true. In inductive arguments, premises make the conclusion probable but not certain, like: ‘Every time I have eaten bread it has nourished me, so bread is nourishing.’
这是一个演绎论证，如果前提为真，结论就必然成立。在归纳论证中，前提使结论可能成立但并不必然，如：“每次我吃面包它都提供营养，所以面包是有营养的。”
Visual trick: Deductive = a maths proof (100% certain). Inductive = weather forecast (likely, but could rain).
图像窍门：演绎 = 数学证明（100%确定）。归纳 = 天气预报（很可能，但仍可能下雨）。
6. Common Fallacies | 常见谬误
A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that weakens an argument. Three you must know: ad hominem (attacking the person, not the argument), straw man (misrepresenting someone’s view to make it easier to attack), and false dilemma (presenting only two options when more exist).
谬误 (fallacy) 是削弱论证的推理错误。你必须知道的三种：人身攻击 (ad hominem)（攻击人而非论点），稻草人 (straw man)（歪曲他人观点以便攻击），以及假二分法 (false dilemma)（只呈现两个选项而实际上更多）。
Example of ad hominem: ‘You can’t trust her view on homework because she wears weird socks.’ The socks are irrelevant. Straw man: Person A says ‘We should tax sugary drinks.’ Person B replies: ‘So you want to ban all fun foods!’ False dilemma: ‘Either you love philosophy or you hate thinking.’
人身攻击的例子：“你不能相信她对作业的看法，因为她穿怪袜子。”袜子不相关。稻草人：甲说“我们应该对含糖饮料征税。”乙回复：“所以你想禁止所有好吃的东西！”假二分法：“要么你热爱哲学，要么你憎恨思考。”
Takeaway chant: ‘Attack the idea, not the face. Don’t build a straw man in its place. More than two sides in every case.’
记忆口诀：“攻击观点，不攻击人脸。别用稻草人替换。凡事不止两边。”
7. Free Will vs. Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Free will is the idea that we are able to make genuine choices that are not completely caused by past events. Determinism is the view that every event, including every human action, is the inevitable result of previous causes.
自由意志 (free will) 是我们能够做出并非完全由过往事件所决定的真正选择。而决定论 (determinism) 认为每一个事件，包括人的每一个行动，都是先前原因的必然结果。
Some philosophers support compatibilism, which says free will and determinism can both be true. They argue that even if our desires are caused, we still act freely when we do what we want without external force.
一些哲学家支持相容论 (compatibilism)，认为自由意志与决定论可以同时为真。他们主张即使我们的欲望由原因引起，当我们在没有外力强迫下做想做的事时，我们仍是自由行动的。
Memory image: Free will = a bird choosing any branch. Determinism = dominoes falling in a fixed line. Compatibilism = dominoes that think about which way to fall!
记忆图像：自由意志 = 鸟儿任选枝头。决定论 = 多米诺骨牌按固定路线倒下。相容论 = 会思考往哪边倒的多米诺骨牌！
8. Mind and Body | 心灵与身体
The mind-body problem asks: What is the relationship between our mental experiences (thoughts, feelings) and our physical brain and body? Dualism says mind and body are two distinct substances. Its most famous defender, Rene Descartes, argued ‘I think, therefore I am’ (Cogito ergo sum).
心身问题 (mind-body problem) 追问：我们心理体验（思想、感受）与物质大脑和身体之间是什么关系？二元论 (dualism) 认为心灵与身体是两种不同的实体。它最著名的捍卫者勒内·笛卡尔主张“我思故我在” (Cogito ergo sum)。
Monism claims there is only one kind of substance. Materialism (or physicalism) says only physical matter exists, and consciousness is just brain activity. Idealism, the opposite, claims that reality is fundamentally mental.
一元论 (monism) 声称只有一种实体。唯物主义 (materialism) 或物理主义说只存在物质，意识不过是大脑活动。唯心主义 (idealism) 则相反，主张现实在根本上是精神的。
Memory aid: Dualism = two types of stuff (mind-stuff and body-stuff). Monism = one stuff (either mind-stuff or body-stuff). Think of a sandwich: dualism is two different fillings, monism is one spread.
助记：二元论 = 两种东西（心灵东西和身体东西）。一元论 = 一种东西（心灵东西或身体东西）。想象三明治：二元论是两种不同馅料，一元论是一种涂抹酱。
9. Knowledge and Belief | 知识与信念
In philosophy, knowledge is often defined as ‘justified true belief’ (JTB). To know something, you must (1) believe it, (2) it must be true, and (3) you must have good reasons or justification for believing it.
在哲学中，知识 (knowledge) 常被定义为“确证的真信念” (JTB)。要知道某件事，你必须 (1) 相信它，(2) 它必须为真，(3) 你必须拥有好的理由或确证来相信它。
Scepticism challenges whether we can ever have certain knowledge. Extreme sceptics argue we cannot be absolutely sure of anything beyond our own minds, because our senses sometimes deceive us (like optical illusions).
怀疑论 (scepticism) 挑战我们是否能够拥有确定的知识。极端怀疑论者主张，我们无法对自身心灵之外的任何事物有绝对把握，因为感官有时欺骗我们（如视觉错觉）。
Remember JTB like a three-legged stool: remove Belief, Truth, or Justification and knowledge collapses. A lucky guess is true belief but not justified, so not knowledge.
将JTB记作三条腿的凳子：去掉信念、真理或确证中任何一条，知识就崩塌。幸运的猜测是真信念但缺乏确证，所以不是知识。
10. Reality and Appearance | 现实与表象
One of the oldest philosophical puzzles is the difference between how things appear and how they really are. A stick in water looks bent but is actually straight. The taste of a food may seem delicious to you but disgusting to someone else.
最古老的哲学谜题之一是事物如何显现 (appearance) 与它们实际如何 (reality) 之间的区别。水中的棍子看起来是弯的，但实际是直的。某种食物的味道可能对你来说美味，对别人却难以入口。
Plato illustrated this with the Allegory of the Cave. Prisoners see only shadows on a wall and mistake them for reality. The philosopher is like a prisoner who escapes, sees the real world outside, and realises the shadows were mere appearances.
柏拉图用洞穴寓言 (Allegory of the Cave) 阐述了这一点。囚徒只看到墙上的影子，却误以为那就是现实。哲学家就像那个逃出洞穴的囚徒，看到外面真实的世界，才明白影子只是表象。
Memory image: tie a reality label to a solid chair, and an appearance label to a shadow. The shadow exists but is not the full, solid truth.
记忆图像：把“现实”标签贴在结实的椅子上，把“表象”标签贴在影子上。影子存在，但不是完整、稳固的真相。
11. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
Many people believe in a God who is omnipotent (all-powerful), omnibenevolent (all-loving), and omniscient (all-knowing). The problem of evil asks: if such a God exists, why is there so much suffering in the world?
许多人相信一位全能的 (omnipotent)、全善的 (omnibenevolent)、全知的 (omniscient) 的神。恶的问题 (problem of evil) 追问：如果这样一位神存在，为何世上还有如此多的苦难？
A theodicy is an attempt to explain why a good God allows evil. One theodicy is the ‘free will defence’: God gave humans free will so that we can genuinely love and do good, but that same freedom makes evil possible.
神正论 (theodicy) 就是尝试解释良善的神为何容许恶的存在。一种神正论是“自由意志辩护”：神赐予人类自由意志，以便我们能真正去爱和行善，但同样的自由也使恶成为可能。
Break down the words: omni- means ‘all’. Potent = power, benevolent = good/kind, scient = knowing. So omnipotent, omnibenevolent, omniscient. Think of a superhero with three ‘omni’ badges.
拆解词语：omni- 意为“全”。potent = 能力，benevolent = 善/仁慈，scient = 知晓。所以全能、全善、全知。想象一位佩戴三枚“全”字徽章的超级英雄。
12. Quick-Fire Vocabulary Table | 词汇速记总表
Below is a handy reference table with all the core terms covered. Read it aloud once a day, and you will have them memorised in no time.
下面是一张包含所有核心术语的便捷参考表。每天大声朗读一遍，你很快就能记住它们。
| Term (术语) | Meaning (含义) | Memory Trick (记忆窍门) |
|---|---|---|
| Philosophy | Love of wisdom | Philo+Sofia = heart + wise owl |
| Metaphysics | Study of reality | M for ‘Most real’ |
| Epistemology | Study of knowledge | E-piste-mology sounds like ‘epistemology’, image of a scientist testing what is known |
| Ethics | Study of right and wrong | Ethics = everyone’s thinking honestly in community scenarios |
| Logic | Rules of correct reasoning | ‘Log’ your thoughts step by step |
| Aesthetics | Study of beauty and art | Aesthetic = ‘as the tick’ that makes art beautiful |
| Virtue Ethics | Focus on character | Virtue = Valuable inner traits |
| Utilitarianism | Greatest happiness for greatest number | ‘Util’ sounds like utility, a tool to measure happiness |
| Deontology | Duty-based ethics | ‘Deont’ = doing exactly obligations, no turning |
| Premise | Supporting statement in an argument | Premise = the promise you make before concluding |
| Conclusion | Statement supported by premises | It ends the argument, like a closing door |
| Valid | Correct logical structure | Valid = victory of logic structure |
| Sound | Valid AND true premises | Sound as a bell – both shape and truth ring true |
| Fallacy | Error in reasoning | ‘Fall’ = your argument falls apart |
| Ad Hominem | Attack the person, not the point | ‘Hominem’ like ‘human’ – hitting the human not the logic |
| Straw Man | Distorting opponent’s view | Build a straw dummy to fight instead of the real argument |
| False Dilemma | Only two choices offered when more exist | Black-and-white thinking trap |
| Free Will | Genuine choice not fully caused | Will is a free bird |
| Determinism | All events are caused inevitably | Dominoes – one push determines all |
| Compatibilism | Free will and determinism can coexist | Compatible = they work together |
| Dualism | Mind and body are two separate substances | Dual = two, like two different countries |
| Monism | Only one substance exists | Mono = one, the opposite of dual |
| Scepticism | Doubting the possibility of certain knowledge | Sceptic always holds a big question mark |
| JTB (Justified True Belief) | Classic definition of knowledge | Triple lock: believe, true, proof |
| Omnipotent | All-powerful | Omni-potent = ‘all potential’ |
| Omnibenevolent | All-good, all-loving | Omni-bene = ‘all benefit’ |
| Theodicy | Justification of God’s goodness despite evil | Theo (God) + dicy (defence) = God’s defence lawyer |
Use the table actively: cover one column and test yourself, or create flashcards with the term on one side and the memory trick on the other. Repetition and silly images are your best friends for lasting recall.
积极使用表格：遮住一栏进行自测，或者制作一面写术语、另一面写记忆窍门的闪卡。重复和夸张的图像是你持久记忆的最佳伙伴。
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