📚 Quick Guide to Computing Terms for Year 7 SQA | Year 7 SQA 计算机词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick guide for mastering essential computing terms for the Year 7 SQA Computing Science course. Learning the language of computing is the first step to becoming a confident programmer and digital citizen. This article breaks down key vocabulary into easy-to-remember chunks, with each term explained in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learners. By the end, you will have a solid foundation in hardware, software, data representation, programming concepts, and online safety.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 SQA 计算机科学课程的核心术语速记指南。掌握计算机语言是成为自信的程序员和合格数字公民的第一步。本文将关键术语拆分为易于记忆的模块，每个术语都配有中英双语解释，方便双语学习者。学完本指南，你将扎实掌握硬件、软件、数据表示、编程基础和网络安全等核心概念。
1. What is Computing? | 什么是计算机科学？
Computing is the study of how computers and computer systems work, including hardware, software, and the way data is processed logically to solve problems.
计算机科学是研究计算机及计算机系统如何工作的学科，涵盖硬件、软件以及通过逻辑处理数据来解决问题的方法。
Computational thinking involves breaking down problems into manageable parts, spotting patterns, focusing on important details, and creating step-by-step solutions.
计算思维是指将问题分解为可处理的部分，寻找规律，抓住关键细节，并设计一步一步的解决方案。
2. Inside a Computer: Hardware | 计算机硬件
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the ‘brain’ of the computer that carries out all instructions and calculations. You can think of it as the engine that drives everything.
CPU（中央处理器）是计算机的“大脑”，负责执行所有指令和计算。你可以把它想象成驱动一切的引擎。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary working memory that holds the data and programs currently in use, but it is erased when the power goes off.
RAM（随机存取存储器）是临时工作内存，存放正在使用的数据和程序，但断电后内容就会消失。
Storage devices like hard drives and SSDs keep your files, applications and the operating system safe permanently, even when the computer is switched off.
存储设备如硬盘和固态硬盘能永久保存文件、应用程序和操作系统，即使计算机关机也不会丢失。
3. Software: Programs and Instructions | 软件：程序与指令
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is divided into two main types: system software and application software.
软件是一组告诉硬件该做什么的指令，主要分为两大类：系统软件和应用软件。
The operating system, such as Windows, macOS or Linux, is the most important system software. It manages the computer’s resources, lets you run programs, and provides a user interface.
操作系统，如 Windows、macOS 或 Linux，是最重要的系统软件。它管理计算机资源，允许你运行程序并提供用户界面。
Application software helps you perform specific tasks. Word processors, web browsers, games and drawing tools are all examples of application software.
应用软件帮助你完成特定任务。文字处理软件、网页浏览器、游戏和绘图工具都属于应用软件。
4. Data Representation: Bits and Bytes | 数据表示：位与字节
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data. It can only be 0 or 1, representing off or on in an electrical circuit.
位（比特，二进制位的简称）是最小的数据单位。它只能是 0 或 1，代表电路中的关或开。
1 byte = 8 bits
Eight bits make one byte, which is enough to store a single character like ‘A’, ‘9’ or ‘?’. Larger units like a kilobyte (KB) are about 1000 bytes, a megabyte (MB) is about 1 million bytes, and a gigabyte (GB) is about 1 billion bytes.
八个位组成一个字节，足够存储一个字符，如 ‘A’、’9’ 或 ‘?’。更大的单位如千字节（KB）大约是 1000 字节，兆字节（MB）大约是 100 万字节，吉字节（GB）大约是 10 亿字节。
Binary is a base‑2 number system that uses only 0 and 1. All data inside a computer – text, images, sound – is stored and processed as a long sequence of binary digits.
二进制是一种仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统。计算机内部的所有数据——文字、图像、声音——都以一长串二进制位的形式存储和处理。
5. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
An algorithm is a precise, step‑by‑step set of rules or instructions designed to perform a task or solve a problem. A recipe for baking a cake or directions for tying a shoelace are everyday examples.
算法是为完成某项任务或解决某个问题而设计的一套精确的、一步一步的规则或指令。烘焙蛋糕的食谱或系鞋带的步骤就是生活中的算法例子。
Flowcharts use special symbols to show algorithms visually. Oval shapes mark the start and end, rectangles show a process or action, diamonds represent a decision, and arrows show the flow.
流程图使用专门的符号来直观地展示算法。椭圆形表示开始和结束，矩形表示操作步骤，菱形表示判断，箭头指示执行方向。
Pseudocode is a simpler way of writing algorithms using ordinary words mixed with some programming keywords, making it easy to read before turning it into real code.
伪代码是一种用法简单的写法来描述算法，它把日常语言与一些编程关键词混在一起，便于在变成真正的代码之前阅读和理解。
6. Variables and Data Types | 变量与数据类型
A variable is like a named box in the computer’s memory that can hold a value. You can store a number, some text, or a true/false flag, and you can change that value while the program runs.
变量就像是计算机内存中有名字的盒子，可以存放一个值。你可以存入数字、文本或真/假标记，并且在程序运行时可以改变这个值。
Data types tell the computer what kind of data is stored. The most common ones are integer (whole number), string (sequence of characters like ‘Hello’), and Boolean (only true or false).
数据类型告诉计算机存储的是哪种数据。最常见的类型有整数、字符串（如 ‘Hello’ 这样的字符序列）和布尔型（只有 true 或 false）。
7. Sequence, Selection and Iteration | 顺序、选择与循环
Sequence means executing instructions one after another in the order they are written. It is the simplest control structure and forms the backbone of any program.
顺序结构是指按照指令的书写顺序一条接一条地执行。它是最简单的控制结构，也是所有程序的骨架。
Selection allows the program to make a choice. Using an if‑else statement, the computer checks a condition and runs different blocks of code depending on whether the condition is true or false.
选择结构让程序能够做出判断。使用 if‑else 语句，计算机检查一个条件，并根据条件是真还是假来执行不同的代码块。
Iteration, often called a loop, repeats a block of code. A ‘repeat’ loop can run a set number of times, while a ‘while’ loop keeps going as long as a condition remains true. This avoids writing the same code again and again.
循环结构（迭代）让一段代码重复执行。’repeat’ 循环可以执行固定次数，而 ‘while’ 循环在条件为真时会一直执行。这样可以避免重复编写相同的代码。
8. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Input devices let you send data into the computer. Common examples are the keyboard for text, a mouse for pointing and clicking, a touchscreen for tapping, and a microphone for sound.
输入设备让你把数据送入计算机。常见的例子包括用于输入文字的键盘、用于指向和点击的鼠标、用于点触的触摸屏以及用于声音输入的麦克风。
Output devices show or present the results of the computer’s processing. The monitor displays images and text, speakers play sound, and a printer produces hard copies on paper.
输出设备展示计算机处理的结果。显示器呈现图像和文字，扬声器播放声音，打印机把信息输出到纸张上。
Some devices can be both input and output – a headset with a microphone and earphones, or a touchscreen that displays information and senses touch at the same time.
有些设备既是输入设备又是输出设备，比如带有麦克风和耳机的一体式耳麦，或者能同时显示信息并感知触摸的触摸屏。
9. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network is two or more computers connected together so they can share files, printers, or an internet connection. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area like a school or home.
网络是由两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以便共享文件、打印机或互联网连接。LAN（局域网）覆盖一片小区域，如学校或家庭。
The internet is a huge global network connecting millions of computers. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of web pages, images and videos that you access through a browser using URLs that usually start with ‘http’ or ‘https’.
互联网是一个连接数百万台计算机的庞大全球网络。万维网（WWW）是你通过浏览器访问、使用以 ‘http’ 或 ‘https’ 开头的 URL 所看到的网页、图片和视频的集合。
A router is a device that directs traffic between networks. At home, your router connects your local devices to the internet and lets them communicate safely.
路由器是在网络之间引导数据流量的设备。在家里，路由器将你的本地设备连接到互联网，并让它们安全地通信。
10. Cybersecurity and E‑safety | 网络安全与上网安全
Cybersecurity is the practice of keeping computers, networks and data safe from theft, damage or unauthorised access. Strong passwords, firewalls and antivirus software are all part of a good defence.
网络安全是保护计算机、网络和数据免受盗窃、损坏或未经授权访问的实践。强密码、防火墙和防病毒软件都是良好防御的一部分。
E‑safety means staying safe when you are online. Never share personal data like your full name, address or school name with strangers. Always tell an adult if you see something that makes you uncomfortable.
上网安全指在上网时保护自己的安全。不要与陌生人分享个人数据，例如全名、家庭住址或学校名称。如果看到让自己不舒服的内容，一定要告诉成年人。
Phishing is a trick used by attackers to steal your details by pretending to be a trusted company or person. Always double‑check email addresses and avoid clicking on suspicious links.
网络钓鱼是攻击者伪装成值得信赖的公司或个人以窃取你信息的骗局。务必仔细核对邮箱地址，不要点击可疑链接。
11. Computational Thinking Skills | 计算思维能力
Decomposition is breaking a big problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Building a game can be decomposed into designing characters, coding movement, and creating levels.
分解是把一个大问题拆分成更小、更容易处理的部分。开发一个游戏可以分解为设计角色、编写移动代码和创建关卡。
Pattern recognition is spotting similarities or trends in data. If you notice that a sprite always moves left when a button is pressed, you can use that pattern to predict or simplify code.
模式识别是在数据中发现相似之处或趋势。如果你注意到按下某个按钮时精灵总是向左移动，就可以利用这个模式进行预测或简化代码。
Abstraction means focusing on the information that matters and ignoring unnecessary details. When drawing a map, you only include the key roads and landmarks, not every single tree or bench.
抽象意味着只关注重要的信息，忽略不必要的细节。绘制地图时，你只画主要道路和地标，不会把每一棵树或长椅都标上去。
12. Key Terms Quick Recap | 核心术语速记表
The table below collects the most important computing terms you have learned, with a short English definition and the Chinese equivalent. Use it for a final quick check before your test.
下表汇总了你学习过的最重要的计算术语，配有简短的英文定义和对应的中文释义。可以在考试前用它做最后的快速回顾。
| Term | Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Algorithm | A step‑by‑step set of instructions to solve a problem or perform a task. | 算法：分步骤解决问题的指令集。 |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer that executes instructions. | 中央处理器：执行指令的计算机大脑。 |
| RAM | Random Access Memory; temporary workspace that loses data when power is off. | 随机存取存储器：断电后数据丢失的临时工作区。 |
| Bit/Byte | A bit is a single 0 or 1; a byte is 8 bits, enough for one character. | 位/字节：位是0或1；字节是8位，可存一个字符。 |
| Variable | A named storage location that can hold different types of data such as numbers or text. | 变量：可存放数字或文本的命名存储位置。 |
| Selection | Choosing between different paths using conditions (if‑else). | 选择结构：使用条件（if‑else）在多个路径中做出选择。 |
| Iteration | Repeating a set of instructions, often called a loop. | 循环结构：重复执行一组指令，常称为循环。 |
| Input/Output | Input sends data in (e.g., keyboard); output shows results (e.g., monitor). | 输入/输出：输入送入数据（如键盘）；输出显示结果（如显示器）。 |
| Internet | A global network connecting millions of computers for communication and sharing. | 互联网：连接数百万台计算机的全球网络，用于通信和共享。 |
| Phishing | A scam where attackers pretend to be trusted sources to steal personal information. | 网络钓鱼：攻击者伪装可信来源以窃取个人信息的骗局。 |
| Decomposition | Breaking a problem into smaller, easier‑to‑solve parts. | 分解：将问题拆分成更小、更容易解决的部分。 |
| Abstraction | Filtering out unnecessary details to focus on what is important. | 抽象：过滤掉不必要的细节，专注于重要信息。 |
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