📚 Year 7 AQA English: Formula & Rules Quick Reference | Year 7 AQA 英语：公式定理速查手册
In mathematics, a formula gives you a reliable way to reach the right answer. English works in a similar way: behind every sentence, spelling pattern and punctuation mark lies a set of rules you can follow. This quick-reference handbook presents the ‘formulas’ of English – the grammar, punctuation and writing conventions you need to master in Year 7. Keep it by your side as you read, write and revise, and you will build confidence fast.
数学中，公式能让你有可靠的方法得出正确答案。英语也是如此：每个句子、拼写模式和标点符号背后都有一套你可以遵循的规则。这本速查手册为你呈现英语的“公式定理”——七年级需要掌握的语法、标点和写作规范。把它放在手边，阅读、写作和复习时随时查阅，你会快速建立信心。
1. The Sentence Formula: Subject + Verb + Object | 句子公式：主语 + 动词 + 宾语
Every complete simple sentence in English can be built using the basic formula: Subject + Verb + Object. The Subject is who or what the sentence is about. The Verb describes the action or state. The Object receives the action. For example, in ‘The cat (Subject) chased (Verb) the mouse (Object)’, every part fits the pattern. This formula is the foundation of all writing.
英语中每个完整的简单句都可以用基本公式构建：主语 + 动词 + 宾语。主语是句子所谈论的人或事，动词描述动作或状态，宾语是动作的承受者。例如在 ‘The cat (Subject) chased (Verb) the mouse (Object)’ 中，每个部分都符合这一模式。这个公式是所有写作的基础。
Sometimes a sentence only needs a Subject and a Verb – this is called an intransitive structure: ‘Birds sing.’ When you are checking your work, ask yourself: ‘Where is the Subject? Where is the Verb?’ If either is missing, you have a fragment, not a sentence. Remember the formula: S + V (+ O).
有时句子只需要主语和动词——这叫作不及物结构，比如 ‘Birds sing.’。检查自己的作业时问自己：“主语在哪儿？动词在哪儿？”只要缺少其中一个，你就得到了一个不完整的片断，而非完整的句子。记住这个公式：S + V (+ O)。
2. The Noun Formula: Common, Proper and Abstract | 名词公式：普通、专有与抽象
Nouns are naming words, and they follow a clear three-way formula. Common nouns name general things (dog, city, happiness). Proper nouns name specific people, places or organisations and always start with a capital letter (London, Tuesday, Harry Potter). Abstract nouns name ideas or feelings you cannot touch (love, bravery, freedom). Year 7 writing expects you to use all three types to add variety.
名词是命名词，遵循一个清晰的三分公式。普通名词表示一般事物（dog, city, happiness）；专有名词表示特定的人名、地名或机构，首字母始终大写（London, Tuesday, Harry Potter）；抽象名词表示无法触摸的概念或情感（love, bravery, freedom）。七年级的写作要求你运用这三类名词来丰富表达。
A quick formula for identifying a noun is to place ‘the’ or ‘a/an’ before it. If it sounds right, you probably have a noun. Common nouns can take ‘a’ or ‘the’, but proper nouns normally skip the article. Abstract nouns often appear with ‘the’ when we discuss the idea in general (‘the beauty of nature’).
一个快速识别名词的公式是在它前面加上 ‘the’ 或 ‘a/an’。如果听起来合理，它很可能就是名词。普通名词可加冠词，专有名词通常不加。当我们要一般性地讨论某个概念时，抽象名词常与 ‘the’ 连用（’the beauty of nature’）。
3. The Verb Tense Formula: Past, Present and Future | 动词时态公式：过去、现在和将来
Tense tells us when an action happens. The formula for regular Past tense is: Verb stem + -ed (play → played). For the Present tense, the formula with third-person singular is: Verb stem + -s / -es (he plays, she watches). The Future is often expressed with the auxiliary ‘will’ + base verb (I will play). Year 7 students must apply these formulas consistently in their writing.
时态告诉我们动作发生的时间。规则动词过去式的公式是：动词词干 + -ed（play → played）。现在时第三人称单数的公式是：动词词干 + -s 或 -es（he plays, she watches）。将来时常用助动词 ‘will’ + 动词原形（I will play）。七年级学生需要在写作中始终一致地运用这些公式。
Irregular verbs, such as ‘go → went’, do not follow the -ed pattern and must be memorised. However, the underlying formula of ‘time word + past form’ still holds. When you write a story, decide on a dominant tense first and stick to it unless you have a reason to shift. A consistent tense formula makes your writing clear and controlled.
不规则动词，如 ‘go → went’，不遵循 -ed 模式，需要单独记忆。但 ‘时间词 + 过去式’ 这一底层公式依然成立。写故事时，先确定主要时态并坚持使用，除非有理由需要转换。保持时态一致这个公式能让你的写作清晰且有控制力。
4. The Apostrophe Rule: Possession and Contraction | 撇号规则：所有格与缩约式
Apostrophes have two main jobs, and each follows a simple formula. For possession, the formula is: Owner + ‘s (singular) or Owners + ‘ (plural ending in s). ‘The girl’s book’ means one girl; ‘the girls’ book’ means several girls. For contractions, the apostrophe replaces missing letters: do not → don’t, it is → it’s. Never use an apostrophe for ordinary plurals.
撇号有两大用途，每个都遵循一条简单公式。表示所有格时，公式是：所有者 + ‘s（单数）或 所有者 + ‘（以 s 结尾的复数）。’The girl’s book’ 指一个女孩的书；’the girls’ book’ 指几个女孩的书。表示缩约式时，撇号代替被省略的字母：do not → don’t, it is → it’s。绝对不要用撇号表示普通的复数形式。
A common pitfall is mixing up ‘its’ and ‘it’s’. Remember the formula: ‘It’s’ always means ‘it is’ or ‘it has’. ‘Its’ without an apostrophe shows possession, just like ‘his’ or ‘her’. Ask yourself if you can replace the word with ‘it is’. If yes, use the apostrophe; if no, leave it out.
一个常见的陷阱是混淆 ‘its’ 和 ‘it’s’。记住这个公式：’It’s’ 永远表示 ‘it is’ 或 ‘it has’。不带撇号的 ‘Its’ 表示所有，类似 ‘his’ 或 ‘her’。问一问自己能不能把这个词换成 ‘it is’。如果可以，就用撇号；如果不可以，就不要用。
5. The Comma Formula: Separating Ideas and Adding Detail | 逗号公式：分隔意思并添加细节
Commas act like gentle pauses that help readers navigate a sentence. One of the most reliable formulas for Year 7 is the ‘FANBOYS’ comma rule: when you join two independent clauses with for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, place a comma before the conjunction. Example: ‘I wanted to go outside, but it was raining.’
逗号的作用就像轻柔的停顿，帮助读者理解句子。七年级最可靠的逗号公式之一是 ‘FANBOYS’ 规则：当你用 for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 连接两个独立分句时，在连词前加逗号。例如：’I wanted to go outside, but it was raining.’。
Another comma formula is the ‘list comma’: use commas to separate three or more items. ‘I packed a book, a pen, a ruler and a snack.’ The final comma before ‘and’ (the Oxford comma) is optional but often clearer. For embedded clauses that add extra information, use a pair of commas: ‘The dog, which was very old, slept peacefully.’ The formula is: main clause + comma + extra information + comma + rest of main clause.
另一个逗号公式是“列举逗号”：用逗号分隔三个或以上的项目。’I packed a book, a pen, a ruler and a snack.’ ‘and’ 前的最后一个逗号（牛津逗号）可用可不用，但通常能让意思更清晰。对于插入额外信息的嵌入式从句，要使用一对逗号：’The dog, which was very old, slept peacefully.’ 公式是：主句 + 逗号 + 额外信息 + 逗号 + 主句其余部分。
6. The Capital Letter Formula: Start and Specifics | 大写字母公式：句首与特指
Capital letters follow a fixed formula in English. Use a capital for the first word of every sentence, for the pronoun ‘I’, and for all proper nouns (names, places, days, months, brands). A helpful memory formula is ‘SIP’: Start, I, Proper nouns. If you can check these three places, you will catch most errors.
英语中大写字母遵循一套固定公式。每个句子的首词、代词 ‘I’ 以及所有专有名词（姓名、地名、星期、月份、品牌）都要大写。一个有用的记忆公式是 ‘SIP’：Start（句首）、I、Proper nouns（专有名词）。检查这三个位置，你就能发现大多数大写错误。
In Year 7, you are also expected to capitalise titles when used with a name: ‘Doctor Smith’ but not ‘a doctor’. The same applies to geographical regions: ‘the North’ (as a region) versus ‘north of the city’ (a direction). Treat capital letters as signals that tell your reader ‘this word is special or begins a new thought’.
在七年级，你还需要在与姓名连用时大写头衔：’Doctor Smith’，但不和姓名连用时不大写 ‘a doctor’。地理区域同理：’the North’（指区域）对比 ‘north of the city’（指方向）。把大写字母看作信号，告诉读者“这个词很特别，或者一个新的想法开始了”。
7. The Spelling Suffix Formula: Dropping, Doubling and Changing | 拼写后缀公式：去 e、双写、变 y
Adding suffixes like -ing, -ed, -er or -est often triggers a spelling change. Three key formulas keep you on track. Formula 1 – Drop the ‘e’: when a word ends in a silent ‘e’, drop the ‘e’ before adding a vowel suffix. (hope → hoping, but not before a consonant suffix: hope → hopeful). Formula 2 – Double the consonant: in a one-syllable word with a short vowel followed by a single consonant, double the consonant before -ing, -ed, -er, -est. (run → running, big → bigger).
添加 -ing、-ed、-er 或 -est 等后缀时常会引发拼写变化。三条关键公式帮你走在正轨上。公式一 —— 去 e：当单词以不发音的 e 结尾时，在添加元音后缀前去掉 e（hope → hoping），但添加辅音后缀时不去 e（hope → hopeful）。公式二 —— 双写辅音：在单元音 + 单辅音结尾的单音节词中，加 -ing、-ed、-er、-est 前双写最后一个辅音字母（run → running, big → bigger）。
Formula 3 – Change ‘y’ to ‘i’: when a word ends in a consonant + ‘y’, change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ before adding any suffix except -ing. (happy → happier, happiness, but hurry → hurrying). These three formulas cover most of the spelling work you will meet in Year 7. Practise them with short drills until they become automatic.
公式三 —— 变 y 为 i：当单词以辅音 + y 结尾，在加 -ing 以外的后缀时，把 y 变为 i（happy → happier, happiness，但 hurry → hurrying）。这三条公式覆盖了七年级会遇到的大部分拼写工作。通过短小的练习不断巩固，直到它们变成自动反应。
8. The Adjective and Adverb Formula: Modifying with Precision | 形容词与副词公式：精准修饰
Adjectives describe nouns, and many can be compared using the formula: positive → comparative → superlative. For short adjectives, add -er and -est (small → smaller → smallest). For longer adjectives, use ‘more’ and ‘most’ (beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful). Never mix the two forms: avoid ‘more smaller’.
形容词用来修饰名词，其中许多可以按照公式进行比较：原级 → 比较级 → 最高级。较短的形容词加 -er 和 -est（small → smaller → smallest）。较长的形容词用 ‘more’ 和 ‘most’（beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful）。千万不要把两种形式混用：要避免 ‘more smaller’。
Adverbs often modify verbs, and many follow the formula: adjective + -ly. (quick → quickly, careful → carefully). However, some adverbs are irregular: good → well. A useful test is to ask ‘How?’ If the answer is the adverb, you can usually apply the -ly formula. Use adverbs to make your action writing more vivid.
副词常用来修饰动词，很多都遵循公式：形容词 + -ly（quick → quickly, careful → carefully）。但有些副词是不规则的：good → well。一个有用的检验是问“怎样？”如果答案就是副词，通常就可以运用 -ly 公式。用副词让你的动作描写更加生动。
9. The Complex Sentence Formula: Main Clause + Subordinate Clause | 复杂句公式：主句 + 从句
A complex sentence combines an independent clause (a complete thought) with one or more subordinate clauses (incomplete thoughts) using subordinating conjunctions. The formula is: Subordinating Conjunction + Subordinate Clause + Comma + Main Clause, or Main Clause + Subordinating Conjunction + Subordinate Clause. Examples: ‘Although it was cold, we went to the park.’ or ‘We went to the park although it was cold.’
复杂句使用从属连词把一个独立分句（完整想法）和一个或多个从句（不完整想法）组合起来。公式是：从属连词 + 从句 + 逗号 + 主句，或 主句 + 从属连词 + 从句。例如：’Although it was cold, we went to the park.’ 或 ‘We went to the park although it was cold.’。
Common subordinating conjunctions include because, although, while, unless, until, before, after, since, if, and when. In Year 7, experimenting with fronted subordinate clauses (putting the subordinate clause first) is a powerful way to vary sentence openings and improve your writing grade.
常见的从属连词有 because, although, while, unless, until, before, after, since, if 和 when。在七年级，尝试把从句提前放在句首，是变化句子开头、提升写作得分的有效方法。
10. The PEEL Paragraph Formula: Point, Evidence, Explain, Link | PEEL 段落公式：观点、证据、解释、衔接
For analytical and persuasive writing, the PEEL formula gives your paragraphs shape and strength. P stands for Point – a clear topic sentence that states the paragraph’s main idea. E for Evidence – a quotation or specific example. E for Explain – your analysis of how the evidence supports the point. L for Link – a sentence that connects back to the question or forward to the next paragraph.
在分析和说服性写作中，PEEL 公式为你的段落赋予形状和力量。P 代表 Point——一个清晰的主题句，陈述该段的核心观点。E 代表 Evidence——一条引文或具体例子。第二个 E 代表 Explain——解释证据如何支撑观点。L 代表 Link——用一句话回扣问题，或引出下一段。
You can test any paragraph by seeing whether it follows the PEEL sequence. ‘Shakespeare presents Macbeth as ambitious. For instance, he says “I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent.” This metaphor suggests ambition is driving him forward uncontrollably. Therefore, ambition is clearly shown as a dangerous force.’ The formula helps you stay focused and avoid irrelevant detail.
你可以通过检查段落是否遵循 PEEL 顺序来检验。例如：“莎士比亚将麦克白表现得野心勃勃。比如，他说 ‘I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent.’ 这个比喻暗示野心驱使着他不可控制地向前。因此，野心显然被表现为一股危险的力量。”这个公式能帮你紧扣重点，避免跑题。
11. The Speech Punctuation Formula: Inverted Commas and New Lines | 对话标点公式：引号与换行
Dialogue in stories follows a precise formula. Open inverted commas before the spoken words, and close them after. A punctuation mark (comma, question mark, exclamation mark) separates the speech from the speaker tag. If the speaker tag comes first, use a comma before the opening inverted commas: Tom said, ‘It is time.’ If it follows, end the speech with a comma inside the inverted commas and then the tag: ‘It is time,’ said Tom.
故事中的对话遵循一套精确的公式。在说出的话前打开引号，说完后关闭引号。一个标点（逗号、问号、感叹号）将话语与说话提示语隔开。如果提示语在前，则在开引号前用逗号：Tom said, ‘It is time.’ 如果提示语在后，则句子在引号内以逗号结束，再接提示语：’It is time,’ said Tom。
Always start a new line for each new speaker. This visual formula makes your narrative clear and professional. When the spoken words are a question or exclamation, the question mark or exclamation mark stays inside the inverted commas, and the tag still starts with a lower-case letter: ‘Are you ready?’ asked Mia. These small details have a big impact on your presentation mark.
每次换人说话都要另起一行。这条视觉公式能让你叙述清晰、显得专业。如果说出的话是问句或感叹句，问号或感叹号留在引号内，提示语的首字母依然小写：’Are you ready?’ asked Mia。这些小细节对你的卷面评分有重大影响。
12. The Proofreading Formula: Read, Check, Correct | 校对公式：读、查、改
No piece of writing is truly finished without proofreading. Adopt a three-step formula. First, Read your work aloud – your ears will catch awkward phrasing that your eyes miss. Second, Check against a focused list: have I used the sentence formula (S+V+O) everywhere? Are my apostrophes following the rule? Are my tenses consistent? Third, Correct any errors you find, preferably in a different colour so you can see what you have changed.
没有校对，任何文章都不能真正算完成。请采纳一个三步公式。第一步，大声读出你的文章——耳朵会捕捉到眼睛漏掉的别扭表达。第二步，对照一张重点清单来检查：我是否处处使用了句子公式（S+V+O）？撇号是否遵循规则？时态是否一致？第三步，改正所有找到的错误，最好用另一种颜色，这样你能看到自己改了什么。
You can make your own mini-formula to check the top five things your teacher often marks. For many Year 7 students, this list includes: capital letters, full stops, apostrophes, subject-verb agreement and spelling of common words. Turn proofreading into a habit, and you will see your marks rise steadily.
你可以创建自己的迷你公式，检查老师常批注的前五项。对很多七年级学生来说，这个清单包括：大写字母、句号、撇号、主谓一致和常用词拼写。把校对变成一种习惯，你的分数会稳稳上升。
Published by TutorHao | English Revision Series | aleveler.com
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