Year 7 AQA Geography: Summer Bridging and Preparation Course | Year 7 AQA 地理：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 Year 7 AQA Geography: Summer Bridging and Preparation Course | Year 7 AQA 地理：暑期预习与衔接课程

Welcome to your Year 7 Geography bridging course. This resource is designed to introduce you to the key ideas, skills and vocabulary you will meet in your first year of secondary geography. Whether you are preparing over the summer or consolidating early learning, the aim is to build confidence with maps, physical processes, human patterns and geographical enquiry. Read each section in English first, then its Chinese pair to strengthen your understanding in both languages.

欢迎来到 Year 7 地理衔接课程。本资源旨在为你介绍中学地理第一年将会接触到的核心概念、关键技能与专业词汇。无论你是在暑期提前预习，还是在学期初巩固知识，目标都是帮助你建立对地图、自然过程、人文格局以及地理探究的信心。请先阅读每个部分的英文，再阅读对应的中文，以加深对两种语言的理解。

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1. Introduction to Geography | 地理学简介

Geography is the study of the Earth’s landscapes, peoples, places and environments. It bridges the natural sciences and social sciences, helping us understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they change over time. In Year 7 you will begin to explore two main branches: physical geography, which looks at natural features like rivers, coasts and weather, and human geography, which focuses on population, settlements, economies and culture. You will also practise key skills such as map reading, data interpretation and fieldwork.

地理学研究地球的地貌、人口、地点与环境。它连接了自然科学与社会科学，帮助我们理解事物在哪里、为何在那里以及它们如何随时间变化。在 Year 7，你将开始探索两大分支：自然地理，研究河流、海岸和天气等自然特征；人文地理，关注人口、定居点、经济与文化。你还会练习地图阅读、数据解读和实地考察等关键技能。

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2. Map Skills: Understanding Our World | 地图技能：认识我们的世界

Maps are essential tools for geographers. You will learn to read Ordnance Survey (OS) maps, use compass directions and interpret symbols. The eight-point compass includes north (N), north-east (NE), east (E), south-east (SE), south (S), south-west (SW), west (W) and north-west (NW). Map symbols, shown in the legend, represent real-world features such as churches, footpaths and woodlands. Another vital skill is using scale: for instance, on a 1:25,000 map, 1 centimetre on the paper equals 250 metres on the ground. You will also be introduced to four-figure grid references (which locate a grid square) and six-figure grid references (which pinpoint an exact point within that square).

地图是地理学家的重要工具。你将学习阅读英国地形测量图（OS 地图）、使用罗盘方向并解读图例符号。八方位罗盘包括北（N）、东北（NE）、东（E）、东南（SE）、南（S）、西南（SW）、西（W）和西北（NW）。地图图例中的符号代表了现实世界中的事物，如教堂、步道和林地。另一项关键技能是使用比例尺：例如，在 1:25,000 的地图上，纸上的 1 厘米等于地面上的 250 米。你还将接触到四位网格坐标（定位一个网格方格）和六位网格坐标（精确定位方格内的一个点）。

Direction (English)	方向 (中文)	Abbreviation
North	北	N
North-east	东北	NE
East	东	E
South-east	东南	SE
South	南	S
South-west	西南	SW
West	西	W
North-west	西北	NW

熟悉上述方位名称和缩写将帮助你在地图上准确描述方向，并完成各类定位练习。

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3. Grid References and Scale | 网格坐标与比例尺

A four-figure grid reference (e.g. 1532) points to the bottom-left corner of a grid square. To give one, first go along the eastings (the horizontal lines at the bottom or top of the map) and then up the northings (the vertical lines on the side). For a six-figure grid reference (e.g. 153325), divide each square into ten imaginary tenths and estimate the extra numbers – creating a more precise location. Scale is the relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world. Common OS map scales include 1:25,000 (Explorer maps) and 1:50,000 (Landranger maps). A larger scale map shows more detail over a smaller area.

四位网格坐标（如 1532）指向网格方格的左下角。要给出四位坐标，先横向读取东距（地图底部或顶部的水平线），再纵向读取北距（地图侧边的垂直线）。六位网格坐标（如 153325）则需要将每个方格想象成十等分，估算出额外数值，从而得到更精确的位置。比例尺表示地图上的距离与实地距离之间的关系。常见的 OS 地图比例尺包括 1:25,000（探索者地图）和 1:50,000（旅行者地图）。大比例尺地图在较小范围内显示更多细节。

Map distance (cm) × Scale factor = Real distance (cm)

图上距离（厘米）× 比例尺分母 = 实地距离（厘米）

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4. Physical Geography: Weather and Climate | 自然地理：天气与气候

Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions – temperature, rainfall, wind speed and cloud cover – and can change from hour to hour. Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over at least 30 years. In Year 7, you will learn to measure weather elements using a thermometer, rain gauge, anemometer and wind vane. You will also explore cloud types (cirrus, cumulus, stratus) and interpret weather maps showing isobars and fronts. The UK’s temperate maritime climate means mild summers, cool winters and rainfall all year round, largely influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.

天气描述的是短期大气状况——气温、降水、风速和云量，可能每小时都在变化。气候则是一个地点至少 30 年的平均天气格局。在 Year 7，你将学习使用温度计、雨量器、风速计和风向标测量天气要素。你还会探索云的分类（卷云、积云、层云），以及解读显示等压线和锋面的天气图。英国属于温带海洋性气候，夏季温和，冬季凉爽，全年有降水，这主要受大西洋的影响。

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5. Rivers and the Water Cycle | 河流与水循环

The water cycle (hydrological cycle) shows how water moves between the sea, the atmosphere and the land. Key processes are evaporation (water turning into vapour), condensation (vapour forming clouds), precipitation (rain, snow, hail or sleet) and surface runoff. Rivers play a central role in returning water to the oceans. From source to mouth, a river’s long profile changes: the upper course has steep gradients, V-shaped valleys and features like waterfalls; the middle course has wider valleys and meanders; the lower course has floodplains, oxbow lakes and estuaries. Rivers erode, transport and deposit material, constantly reshaping the landscape.

水循环（水文循环）展示了水在海洋、大气和陆地之间的移动。主要过程包括蒸发（水变成水蒸气）、凝结（水蒸气形成云）、降水（雨、雪、冰雹或雨夹雪）和地表径流。河流在将水送回海洋的过程中发挥着核心作用。从源头到河口，河流的纵剖面不断变化：上游坡降大，形成 V 形谷和瀑布等地貌；中游河谷变宽，出现曲流；下游则有泛滥平原、牛轭湖和河口湾。河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积物质，持续塑造着地表形态。

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6. Coasts: Where Land Meets Sea | 海岸：陆地与海洋交汇处

Coasts are dynamic environments shaped by waves, tides and currents. Destructive waves erode the coast through hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. These processes create landforms such as cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks. On the other hand, constructive waves deposit sand and shingle to build beaches, spits and bars. Coastal management strategies, including sea walls, groynes and beach nourishment, are used to protect the land from flooding and erosion. You will also consider how coastal habitats, like salt marshes and sand dunes, support unique wildlife.

海岸是由波浪、潮汐和洋流塑造的动态环境。破坏性波浪通过水力作用、磨蚀、磨损和溶蚀侵蚀海岸。这些过程形成了海蚀崖、浪蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱和海蚀柱等微地貌。相反，建设性波浪会沉积沙子和砾石，形成沙滩、沙嘴和滨外沙坝。海岸管理策略包括修建海堤、丁坝和人工补沙，用以保护陆地免受洪水与侵蚀。你还会了解盐沼和沙丘等海岸栖息地如何供养独特的野生动植物。

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7. Human Geography: Population and Settlement | 人文地理：人口与定居

Human geography explores how people live, work and interact with places. Population distribution is uneven across the globe; densely populated areas are often found in fertile plains, coastal zones or near economic centres, while sparse populations occur in deserts, high mountains or polar regions. Settlements range from isolated farms and hamlets to villages, towns and cities. The site (physical characteristics of the location) and situation (position relative to other places) of a settlement help explain why it grew. Urban models, such as the Burgess Concentric Zone Model, show how land use in a city can be organised into distinct zones like the central business district (CBD), inner city, suburbs and rural-urban fringe.

人文地理探讨人们如何生活、工作以及与地方互动。人口分布在全球并不均匀；人口稠密区往往位于肥沃的平原、沿海地带或经济中心附近，而沙漠、高山区和极地地区人口稀少。定居点从孤立的农庄和小村庄，到村庄、城镇和城市不等。选址（地点的自然特征）和区位（相对于其他地点的位置）有助于解释定居点为何发展。城市模型如伯吉斯同心带模型，展示了城市内部的土地利用可以划分为不同的地带，如中心商务区（CBD）、内城、郊区及城乡结合部。

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8. Economic Activities and Resources | 经济活动与资源

Economic activities are classified into four sectors: primary (extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, fishing, mining), secondary (manufacturing and construction), tertiary (providing services, e.g. teaching, retail, healthcare) and quaternary (knowledge-based activities like research and IT). You will study how employment structures change as a country develops. Resources can be renewable (solar, wind, timber) or non-renewable (coal, oil, natural gas). Geographers examine the distribution of resources and the impact of their exploitation on the environment and communities.

经济活动可分为四个部门：第一产业（获取原材料，如农业、渔业、采矿业）、第二产业（制造业和建筑业）、第三产业（提供服务，如教学、零售、医疗保健）和第四产业（知识型活动，如研究与信息技术）。你将学习随着国家发展，就业结构如何变化。资源可以分为可再生（太阳能、风能、木材）和不可再生（煤炭、石油、天然气）。地理学家研究资源的分布以及资源开发对环境和社区的影响。

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9. Geographical Enquiry and Fieldwork | 地理探究与实地考察

Geographical enquiry is a step-by-step approach to investigating a question or issue. The process includes: asking a geographical question, collecting primary data (gathered yourself in the field) and secondary data (from books, maps or the internet), presenting data using graphs and maps, analysing patterns, drawing conclusions and evaluating the investigation. Fieldwork might involve measuring river velocity, surveying land use or conducting traffic counts. Staying safe and respecting the environment are essential parts of fieldwork.

地理探究是一种分步骤的研究问题或议题的方法。过程包括：提出一个地理问题，收集一手数据（亲自在实地采集）和二手数据（来自书籍、地图或互联网），利用图表和地图展示数据，分析格局，得出结论并评估调查过程。实地考察可能包括测量河流流速、调查土地利用或进行交通流量统计。保障安全并尊重环境是实地考察的基本要求。

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10. Sustainability and Environment | 可持续发展与环境

Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Environmental challenges include climate change, deforestation, air and water pollution, and waste management. The enhanced greenhouse effect, caused by increased carbon dioxide and methane emissions, is warming the planet. Geographers analyse local and global responses such as renewable energy, recycling, conservation projects and sustainable urban design. Small actions like reducing plastic use, saving water and using public transport can contribute to a more sustainable future.

可持续发展意味着在不损害后代满足其需求的前提下，满足我们自身的需求。环境挑战包括气候变化、森林砍伐、空气和水污染以及废弃物管理。由二氧化碳和甲烷排放增加所加剧的温室效应正在使地球变暖。地理学家分析本地和全球的应对措施，如可再生能源、回收利用、保护项目和可持续城市设计。减少塑料使用、节约用水和乘坐公共交通等小行动，都能为实现更可持续的未来做出贡献。

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11. How to Prepare for Year 7 Geography | 如何为 Year 7 地理做准备

You can start preparing now by building your geographical awareness. Explore OS maps of your local area online and practise giving grid references. Watch the weather forecast and compare it with what you observe outside. Read about rivers, volcanoes or cities in children’s encyclopaedias or watch short geography documentaries. Keep a journal where you sketch a map of your journey to the park or describe the landscape around you. Learn a few key terms each week – you can use the glossary below. Most importantly, stay curious about the world and ask questions about how places are changing.

你可以从现在开始为地理学习做准备。在线浏览你所在地区的 OS 地图，练习提供网格坐标。收看天气预报并与你室外观察到的情况进行比较。在儿童百科全书里阅读关于河流、火山或城市的故事，或者观看简短的地理纪录片。写一本观察日记，画出你去公园的路线图，或描述周围的景观。每周学习几个关键术语——你可以使用下面的词汇表。最重要的是，持续对世界保持好奇心，并就地方如何变化提出问题。

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12. Key Skills and Glossary | 关键技能与词汇表

Here is a short bilingual glossary to help you repeat and retain essential Year 7 terms. Review it regularly and try to use these words when describing a place or a process. You can add new terms as you encounter them during your geography lessons.

下面是一个简短的双语词汇表，帮助你复习和记忆 Year 7 的重要术语。请定期回顾，并尝试在描述一个地方或过程时使用这些词汇。你也可以在地理课上遇到新术语时把它们及时补充进来。

English term	中文术语	Simple definition
Erosion	侵蚀	The wearing away of the land by rivers, waves, ice or wind.
Meander	曲流	A bend in a river’s channel.
Precipitation	降水	Any form of moisture falling from the sky – rain, snow, sleet or hail.
Oxbow lake	牛轭湖	A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river.
Longshore drift	沿岸漂沙	The movement of sand and pebbles along a beach by waves approaching at an angle.
Urbanisation	城市化	The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities.
Sustainability	可持续性	Using resources in a way that does not harm future generations’ ability to do the same.
Grid reference	网格坐标	A set of numbers used to locate a place on a map.
Scale	比例尺	The relationship between distance on a map and actual distance on the ground.
Ecosystem	生态系统	A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting together.

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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