Year 7 AQA German: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | Year 7 AQA 德语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 AQA German: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | Year 7 AQA 德语:公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your ultimate formula sheet for Year 7 AQA German. Just like a mathematics revision guide condenses key equations, this handbook turns essential German grammar rules into easy-to-memorise ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’. From noun genders and verb endings to sentence structure and question forms, each pattern is presented as a neatly packaged rule you can apply every time you speak or write. Keep this reference close, practise the patterns until they become automatic, and you will build a solid foundation for all your future German studies.

欢迎来到你的年度总结——Year 7 AQA 德语公式定理速查手册。就像数学复习指南把关键方程浓缩成册一样,本书将基础德语语法规则转化为易于记忆的“公式”和“定理”。从名词性别和动词词尾,到句子结构和问句形式,每一个模式都被打包成整齐的规则,让你每次说话或写作时都能直接套用。把这份速查手册放在手边,反复练习,直到这些模式变得自动化,你将为今后的德语学习打下扎实的基础。

1. Noun Genders & the Article Formula | 名词性别与冠词公式

Every German noun has a grammatical gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. The definite article ‘the’ changes according to gender in the nominative case. Memorise the formula: masculine = der, feminine = die, neuter = das, plural = die. For the indefinite article ‘a/an’, the formula is: masculine = ein, neuter = ein, feminine = eine.

每个德语名词都有一个语法性别:阳性、阴性或中性。定冠词“the”在第一种格(主格)中会随性别变化。记住这个公式:阳 = der,阴 = die,中 = das,复 = die。不定冠词“a/an”的公式是:阳 = ein,中 = ein,阴 = eine。

Always learn a noun with its definite article, as if they were one single unit: der Tisch (table), die Lampe (lamp), das Buch (book), die Hefte (exercise books). In your vocabulary notebook, write down the colour-coded article: blue for der, red for die, green for das.

学习每一个名词时,务必连同它的定冠词一起记忆,把它们当作一个整体:der Tisch(桌子),die Lampe(灯),das Buch(书),die Hefte(练习册)。在生词本里用颜色标记冠词:der 用蓝色,die 用红色,das 用绿色。

The indefinite article ein/eine follows the same gender pattern, but plural nouns use no indefinite article and often drop any article in the sense of ‘some’.

不定冠词 ein/eine 遵循相同的性别模式,但复数名词前不用不定冠词,表示“一些”时通常也不加冠词。


2. Regular Verb Conjugation in the Present Tense | 规则动词现在时变位公式

Most German verbs are regular and follow a clear pattern. Take the stem of the verb by removing the -en ending, then add the personal endings. The formula reads: ich stem + e, du stem + st, er/sie/es stem + t, wir stem + en, ihr stem + t, sie/Sie stem + en.

大多数德语动词是规则的,并遵循一个清晰模式。取动词词干(去掉 -en),然后加上人称词尾。公式如下:ich 词干 + e,du 词干 + st,er/sie/es 词干 + t,wir 词干 + en,ihr 词干 + t,sie/Sie 词干 + en。

Here is the formula in action using the verb spielen (to play):

以动词 spielen(玩)为例,看看公式的实际应用:

ich spiele, du spielst, er spielt, wir spielen, ihr spielt, sie spielen

Pay attention to the du and er/sie/es forms, which are the most commonly tested in Year 7. If the stem ends in -t, -d or a consonant cluster like -chn, an extra -e- is often inserted before the -st and -t endings to make pronunciation easier. This is the ‘e-insertion theorem’: arbeiten → du arbeitest, er arbeitet.

特别留意 duer/sie/es 的形式,这在 Year 7 考试中最常出现。如果词干以 -t、-d 或像 -chn 这样的辅音组合结尾,通常在 -st 和 -t 词尾前插入一个 -e-,使发音更方便。这就是“插 e 定理”:arbeiten → du arbeitest, er arbeitet。


3. The Two Irregular Pillars: haben and sein | 两大不规则支柱:haben 和 sein

These two verbs are the irregular engines of the German language. You must learn them by heart as they do not follow the regular formula. haben (to have): ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat, wir haben, ihr habt, sie/Sie haben. sein (to be): ich bin, du bist, er/sie/es ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie/Sie sind.

这两个动词是德语的不规则引擎,必须背熟,因为它们不遵循规则变化的公式。haben(有):ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat, wir haben, ihr habt, sie/Sie haben。sein(是):ich bin, du bist, er/sie/es ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie/Sie sind。

Notice the third person singular hat and ist are short and powerful. In Year 7, you will use haben to express possession and age, and sein to describe people and state locations.

注意第三人称单数 hat 和 ist,短而有力。在 Year 7,你将用 haben 表达拥有和年龄,用 sein 描述人物和说明位置。

Age formula: Wie alt bist du? Ich bin [number] Jahre alt. This uses sein, not haben. A common pitfall is to translate directly from English ‘I have 12 years’, which is wrong in German. Remember the theorem: age = sein + number + Jahre alt.

年龄公式:Wie alt bist du? Ich bin [数字] Jahre alt. 这里用的是 sein,不是 haben。常见的陷阱是直接从英文“I have 12 years”直译,这在德语中是错误的。记住这个定理:年龄 = sein + 数字 + Jahre alt。


4. The Verb-Second Rule in Main Clauses | 主句动词第二位定理

In a standard German main clause (a simple statement), the conjugated verb must always be the second idea or element. This is the famous ‘verb second’ theorem. It does not mean the second word literally; it means the second element in the sentence. The first element can be the subject, a time phrase, a place phrase or almost anything else, but the verb stays firmly in position two.

在标准的德语主句(简单陈述句)中,变位动词必须始终是句子的第二个“意念”或成分。这就是著名的“动词二位”定理。它不一定是字面上的第二个单词,而是句中的第二个成分。第一个成分可以是主语、时间短语、地点短语,或者其他几乎任何东西,但动词坚决站在第二的位置上。

Formula: Element 1 + Verb + Rest of sentence. Example: Ich spiele am Montag Tennis. Here ‘Ich’ is element 1, ‘spiele’ is the verb in second position. Now move the time phrase to the front: Am Montag spiele ich Tennis. The verb remains in second position, and the subject ‘ich’ follows immediately after the verb. This inversion theorem is essential for writing varied sentences.

公式:成分1 + 动词 + 句子其余部分。 例如:Ich spiele am Montag Tennis. 这里“Ich”是成分1,“spiele”是动词,居于第二位。现在把时间短语移到句首:Am Montag spiele ich Tennis. 动词仍然在第二位,主语“ich”紧跟在动词之后。这个倒装定理对于写出富于变化的句子至关重要。


5. Forming Yes/No and W-Questions | 构造一般疑问句与特殊疑问句的公式

Yes/no questions swap the position of the verb and the subject: the conjugated verb leaps to the very beginning of the sentence. Formula: Verb + Subject + Rest? Example: Spielst du Klavier? (Do you play the piano?). This is the ‘question flip’ theorem.

一般疑问句交换动词和主语的位置:变位动词跳到句子的最开头。公式:动词 + 主语 + 其余成分? 例如:Spielst du Klavier?(你弹钢琴吗?)这就是“问句翻转”定理。

W-questions (information questions) start with a question word such as wer (who), was (what), wo (where), wann (when), warum (why), wie (how). The W-word occupies the first position, then the verb comes in its usual second slot. Formula: W-word + Verb + Subject + Rest? Example: Wann beginnt die Schule? (When does school start?).

特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,例如 wer(谁)、was(什么)、wo(哪里)、wann(何时)、warum(为什么)、wie(如何)。W 词占据第一位,然后动词在它惯常的第二位。公式:W 词 + 动词 + 主语 + 其余成分? 例如:Wann beginnt die Schule?(学校什么时候开始?)


6. Negation Formulas: nicht and kein | 否定公式:nicht 与 kein

German uses two main ways to say ‘not’ or ‘no’: nicht is used to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs and whole ideas, while kein is used to negate nouns that would otherwise have an indefinite article (ein/eine) or no article at all. Think of kein as ‘not a / no’.

德语有两种主要方式表达“不”或“没有”:nicht 用于否定动词、形容词、副词和整个概念,而 kein 用于否定那些否则会带有不定冠词(ein/eine)或根本没有冠词的名词。可以把 kein 理解为“not a / no”。

nicht formula: Place nicht at the end of a sentence or before the element you want to negate. Usually, it comes after the verb and object but before adjectives and prepositional phrases. Ich mag Mathe nicht. (I don’t like maths.) Das ist nicht fair. (That is not fair.)

nicht 公式: 将 nicht 放在句子末尾,或放在你想否定的成分之前。通常它在动词和宾语之后,但在形容词和介词短语之前。Ich mag Mathe nicht.(我不喜欢数学。)Das ist nicht fair.(那不公平。)

kein formula: kein needs an ending that matches the gender and case of the noun it negates, just like ein. In the nominative case: kein (masculine/neuter), keine (feminine/plural). Ich habe kein Geld. (I have no money.) Er isst keine Pizza. (He doesn’t eat pizza.)

kein 公式: kein 需要添加与它所否定的名词的性和格相匹配的词尾,就像 ein 一样。主格时:kein(阳/中),keine(阴/复)。Ich habe kein Geld.(我没有钱。)Er isst keine Pizza.(他不吃比萨。)


7. Adjective Endings after Definite Articles (Nominative) | 定冠词后形容词词尾(主格)公式

In Year 7, you typically meet adjectives used straight after a definite article in the nominative case. The theorem is simple: after der, die, das, die (plural), the adjective ending is always -e. This so-called ‘weak ending’ appears because the definite article already carries the strong gender signal.

在 Year 7,你通常会遇到直接跟在主格定冠词后面的形容词。这里的定理很简单:在 der, die, das, die(复数)之后,形容词词尾总是 -e。之所以使用所谓的“弱变位词尾”,是因为定冠词已经携带了强烈的性别信号。

Formula table:

der nette Junge (the nice boy) 阳性:der + 形容词词干 + e
die nette Frau (the nice woman) 阴性:die + 形容词词干 + e
das nette Kind (the nice child) 中性:das + 形容词词干 + e
die netten Leute (the nice people) 复数:die + 形容词词干 + en

This pattern holds for all adjectives in this position. For now, treat it as a fixed formula and learn the plural exception carefully.

这个模式适用于该位置的所有形容词。目前先把它当作固定公式,并仔细记住复数例外。


8. Preposition Formulas with the Accusative or Dative | 介词搭配宾格/与格公式

Prepositions in German force the following noun to take a specific case. Year 7 usually introduces a handful of high-frequency prepositions. The ‘always accusative’ set includes für (for), durch (through), ohne (without), um (around). The ‘always dative’ set includes mit (with), von (from/of), zu (to), bei (at/with).

德语中介词会强制其后的名词使用特定的格。Year 7 通常会介绍一些高频介词。“始终搭配宾格”的一组包括 für(为了)、durch(通过)、ohne(没有)、um(围绕)。“始终搭配与格”的一组包括 mit(和……一起)、von(……的)、zu(到……)、bei(在……/在……身边)。

Accusative preposition formula: für + accusative noun. The masculine article changes from der to den, ein to einen. Das Geschenk ist für den Vater. (The present is for the father.)

宾格介词公式:für + 宾格名词。阳性冠词从 der 变成 den,从 ein 变成 einen。Das Geschenk ist für den Vater.(礼物是给父亲的。)

Dative preposition formula: mit + dative noun. The masculine and neuter articles change to dem, feminine to der, plural to den (+n on the noun if possible). Ich gehe mit dem Hund. (I walk with the dog.)

与格介词公式:mit + 与格名词。阳性和中性冠词变为 dem,阴性变为 der,复数变为 den(名词如可能需加 -n)。Ich gehe mit dem Hund.(我和狗一起散步。)


9. Numbers, Dates and Time Formulas | 数字、日期与时间公式

Numbers up to 100 follow a predictable pattern in German. The formula for ‘twenty-one’ is ‘one-and-twenty’: einundzwanzig. Apply this to all tens: Vierunddreißig (34) means ‘four-and-thirty’. The only quirk is ‘eins’ becomes ‘ein’ in compound numbers (einundzwanzig, not einsundzwanzig).

100 以内的数字在德语中有可预测的模式。“二十一”的公式是“一加二十”:einundzwanzig。这一规则适用于所有整十数:Vierunddreißig(34)意为“四加三十”。唯一的怪癖是“eins”在合成数中变为“ein”(einundzwanzig,而不是 einsundzwanzig)。

Date formula: Am + ordinal number + month. Example: am zwanzigsten April (on the 20th of April). Ordinals use -te up to 19, then -ste from 20 onwards, and they are written with a dot: 1. = erste, 2. = zweite, 3. = dritte.

日期公式:Am + 序数词 + 月份。 例如:am zwanzigsten April(在四月二十日)。序数词在 19 之前用 -te,20 起用 -ste,书写时带点:1. = erste,2. = zweite,3. = dritte。

Time formula for the half hour: German uses the ‘half to’ logic. Halb drei (2:30) literally means ‘half (to) three’. Quarter past and to follow a similar pattern: Viertel nach zwei (2:15), Viertel vor drei (2:45).

半小时时间公式:德语使用“half to”的逻辑。Halb drei(2:30)字面意思是“差半小时三点”。刻钟的表达也类似:Viertel nach zwei(2:15),Viertel vor drei(2:45)。


10. Modal Verb Sentence Frame Formula | 情态动词句子框架公式

Modal verbs such as können (can), müssen (must), dürfen (may/be allowed to) and möchten (would like) form a special sentence frame. The conjugated modal verb occupies position two, and the main verb goes to the very end of the clause in its infinitive form. This is the ‘modal bracket’ theorem.

情态动词,如 können(能够)、müssen(必须)、dürfen(可以/被允许)和 möchten(想要),构成一个特殊的句子框架。变位后的情态动词占据第二位,而主动词则以原形(不定式)形式跑到句子的最末尾。这就是“情态动词括号”定理。

Frame formula: Subject + modal verb + (other elements) + infinitive at the end. Ich kann gut tanzen. (I can dance well.) Wir müssen die Hausaufgaben machen. (We must do the homework.)

框架公式:主语 + 情态动词 + (其他成分) + 末尾的不定式。 Ich kann gut tanzen.(我跳舞跳得好。)Wir müssen die Hausaufgaben machen.(我们必须做作业。)

Note the conjugation pattern for möchten is based on the subjunctive of mögen: ich möchte, du möchtest, er möchte, wir möchten, ihr möchtet, sie möchten. Treat it as a polite ‘would like’ formula.

注意 möchten 的变位基于 mögen 的虚拟式:ich möchte, du möchtest, er möchte, wir möchten, ihr möchtet, sie möchten。请把它当作礼貌的“想要”公式来使用。


11. Possessive Adjective Agreement Theorem | 物主代词一致性定理

Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) behave like ein-words and take endings that reflect the gender, case and number of the following noun. The base forms are: mein (my), dein (your, informal), sein (his), ihr (her), unser (our), euer (your, plural informal), ihr/Ihr (their/your formal).

物主形容词(我的、你的、他的等)行为类似 ein-词,需添加反映后接名词的性、格和数的词尾。基础形式为:mein(我的)、dein(你的)、sein(他的)、ihr(她的)、unser(我们的)、euer(你们/你们的)、ihr/Ihr(他们的/您的)。

Formula in nominative: mein/meine (masc./neut. vs fem./pl.), dein/deine, etc. Mein Bruder (my brother), meine Schwester (my sister), mein Buch (my book). The endings mirror exactly the ein/eine pattern.

主格公式:mein/meine(阳/中 对 阴/复)、dein/deine 等等。Mein Bruder(我的兄弟),meine Schwester(我的姐妹),mein Buch(我的书)。词尾精确地复制了 ein/eine 的模式。


12. Word Order with Simple Conjunctions | 简单连词语序定理

The conjunctions und (and), aber (but), denn (because) and oder (or) are ‘co-ordinating conjunctions’ that do not change word order. The formula is refreshingly straightforward: simply place them between two main clauses, and each clause keeps its own verb-second structure.

连词 und(和)、aber(但是)、denn(因为)和 oder(或者)是“并列连词”,不会改变语序。这个公式令人耳目一新地直接:只需将它们放在两个主句之间,每个分句保持自己独立的动词二位结构。

Example with und: Ich spiele Tennis und mein Bruder spielt Fußball. (I play tennis and my brother plays football.) Notice both clauses follow the same SVO pattern. With denn, do not confuse it with ‘weil’: denn does not send the verb to the end. Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde. (I am staying at home because I am tired.)

以 und 为例:Ich spiele Tennis und mein Bruder spielt Fußball.(我打网球,我兄弟踢足球。)注意两个分句都遵循相同的主-动-宾语序。对于 denn,不要与 weil 混淆:denn 不会把动词赶到句子末尾。Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde.(我待在家里,因为我累了。)


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