📚 Year 7 AQA Media Glossary: Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 AQA 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
In Year 7 Media Studies, you will encounter many new terms that describe how media products are created, how they communicate meaning, and how audiences respond to them. This quick memory guide breaks down the key vocabulary you need to know for the AQA syllabus, using simple tricks and examples to help you remember them.
在七年级媒体研究课程中，你会遇到许多新术语，它们描述了媒体产品是如何创作的、如何传达意义以及观众如何回应它们。这份速记指南将 AQA 大纲中你需要掌握的关键词汇分解开来，用简单的窍门和例子帮助你记住它们。
1. Media Text | 媒体文本
A media text is any product created by the media that carries meaning. It can be a film, a TV programme, an advertisement, a magazine cover, a web page, a video game or a social media post. The word ‘text’ reminds us that we can ‘read’ and analyse these products just like a book. When you see any media text, always ask: who made it and why?
媒体文本是任何由媒体创作、承载意义的产品。它可以是电影、电视节目、广告、杂志封面、网页、电子游戏或社交媒体帖子。“文本”一词提醒我们，可以像读书一样“阅读”和分析这些产品。当你看到任何媒体文本时，永远要问：谁制作了它？为什么要制作它？
2. Denotation and Connotation | 明示义与隐含义
Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of what you see or hear. For example, a red heart is just a shape and a colour. Connotation is the deeper, associated meaning that comes from culture or personal experience – that same heart connotes love, romance or health. A quick memory trick: DEnotation = DEfinition; COnnotation = COnnected ideas or cultural C Odes.
明示义是你看到或听到的字面、字典意义。例如，一颗红心只是一个形状和一种颜色。隐含义是来自文化或个人体验的更深层、相关联的意义——同样的心可能暗示爱、浪漫或健康。一个快速记忆窍门：明示义（Denotation）= 定义（Definition）；隐含义（Connotation）= 关联的概念或文化代码（Connected ideas or Cultural codes）。
3. Genre | 类型
Genre is a category of media texts that share similar conventions, themes or styles. Recognising genre helps audiences know what to expect. For instance, horror films use dark lighting, suspenseful music and monsters; science fiction includes futuristic technology and space settings. Imagine a bookshelf in a library or a menu on a streaming service – each section is a genre. Genres also mix, creating hybrids like romantic comedy.
类型是指具有相似惯例、主题或风格的一类媒体文本。识别类型能帮助观众知道该期待什么。例如，恐怖片使用暗调灯光、悬疑音乐和怪物；科幻片包含未来科技和太空背景。想象一下图书馆的书架或流媒体服务的菜单——每个区域就是一个类型。类型也会混合，形成浪漫喜剧这样的混血类型。
4. Narrative | 叙事
Narrative means the story – how events are organised and told. It includes characters, plot, conflict and resolution. Many narratives follow Todorov’s theory of equilibrium: a calm start, a disruption, recognition of the problem, an attempt to fix it, and a new equilibrium. To remember: Narrative is simply the chain of events, answering ‘what happens next?’.
叙事就是指故事——事件是如何组织和讲述的。它包括角色、情节、冲突和结局。许多叙事都遵循托多罗夫的平衡理论：平静的开端，一个打破平衡的事件，意识到问题，尝试修复问题，以及新的平衡。记忆方法：叙事就是一连串事件，回答“接下来发生了什么？”。
5. Audience | 受众
Audience refers to the people who consume a media text – viewers, listeners, readers, gamers or followers. Producers define a target audience by age, gender, interests or lifestyle. An active audience interprets messages in their own way, not just absorbing them passively. Remember yourself: every time you watch YouTube, play a game or scroll social media, you are the audience. Media producers use demographics to categorise audiences.
受众是指消费媒体文本的人——观众、听众、读者、玩家或关注者。制作人会根据年龄、性别、兴趣或生活方式确定目标受众。主动受众以自己的方式解读信息，而非被动吸收。记住你自己：每次你看 YouTube、玩游戏或刷社交媒体时，你就是受众。媒体制作人使用人口统计特征来对受众进行分类。
6. Representation | 表征
Representation is how media texts present people, places, events or ideas. It is always a constructed version of reality, shaped by choices. A news photograph is cropped and captioned to guide your interpretation – it does not show the whole truth. To unpick representation, ask: Who or what is being shown? How? What is left out? Why might this be selected? The word itself holds a clue: ‘re-presentation’, presenting something again in a specific way.
表征是指媒体文本如何呈现人、地点、事件或思想。它始终是现实的一种构建版本，由各种选择塑造而成。一张新闻照片经过裁剪并配以文字说明，来引导你的解读——它并未展示全部真相。要拆解表征，可以问：正在展示谁或什么？如何展示？遗漏了什么？为什么会选择这样？这个词本身就提供了线索：“re-presentation”，即以特定方式重新呈现某事物。
7. Stereotype | 刻板印象
A stereotype is an oversimplified, often repeated portrayal of a group of people. Stereotypes can be based on gender, age, race, profession or nationality. For example, teenagers in some TV shows are presented as lazy and always on their phones; elderly people as frail and forgetful. While stereotypes can be used for quick jokes, they limit our understanding of real diversity. Think ‘stereo’ – sound from two fixed speakers – suggesting a narrow, fixed view.
刻板印象是对一群人的一种过分简化、常常反复出现的描绘。刻板印象可能基于性别、年龄、种族、职业或国籍。例如，一些电视节目中的青少年被呈现为懒惰、总看手机；老年人被呈现为虚弱和健忘。虽然刻板印象可用于快速制造笑点，但它们限制了我们理解真实的多样性。联想“立体声（stereo）”——来自两个固定扬声器的声音——暗示一种狭隘、固定的视角。
8. Camera Shots and Angles | 镜头景别与角度
The distance and angle from which the camera records a subject affect how we perceive characters and settings. Camera shots include extreme close-up, close-up, mid-shot, long shot and establishing shot. Camera angles (high, low, eye-level) add power dynamics. A simple menu helps you decode them quickly.
摄影机记录主体的距离和角度会影响我们如何理解角色和场景。镜头景别包括大特写、特写、中景、远景和定场镜头。摄影机角度（俯拍、仰拍、平视）增加了权力动态。一个简单的菜单可帮助你快速解码它们。
- Extreme Close-Up (ECU): shows a tiny detail like an eye or a ring. 大特写 (ECU): 展示微小细节，如一只眼睛或一枚戒指。
- Close-Up (CU): head and shoulders, reveals emotion. 特写 (CU): 头部和肩膀，揭示情感。
- Mid-Shot (MS): waist up, often used for dialogue. 中景 (MS): 腰部以上，常用于对话。
- Long Shot (LS): full body and setting, shows environment. 远景 (LS): 全身和环境，展示背景。
- High Angle: camera looks down, makes subject seem small/weak. 俯拍： 摄影机向下看，使主体显得渺小或弱小。
- Low Angle: camera looks up, makes subject seem powerful. 仰拍： 摄影机向上看，使主体显得强大。
9. Mise-en-Scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène (pronounced ‘meez-on-sen’) is a French term that means everything placed in front of the camera. This includes setting, props, costume, hair, makeup, lighting, colour and character positioning. All of these elements work together to create mood and tell the story visually. For example, a dimly lit room with scattered papers suggests mystery. Memory aid: think of arranging a stage – every object is chosen for a reason.
场面调度（法语发音“咪宗森”）意为摄影机前的一切布置。这包括场景、道具、服装、发型、化妆、灯光、颜色和角色的站位。所有这些元素共同作用，营造氛围并视觉化地讲述故事。例如，一个灯光昏暗、纸张散落的房间暗示着神秘。记忆辅助：想象布置舞台——每一件物品的选择都有其原因。
10. Editing | 剪辑
Editing is how shots are selected and arranged. Pace can create excitement (fast cuts) or tension (slow, long takes). Transitions include the cut (instant change), fade (to/from black), dissolve (one shot blends into another) and wipe. Continuity editing makes sure time and space flow smoothly so the story is easy to follow. Editing also constructs meaning by juxtaposing images – a shot of a smiling face followed by a pizza makes us think they enjoy that pizza.
剪辑是指如何选择和安排镜头。节奏可以制造兴奋（快切）或紧张感（缓慢的长镜头）。转场包括剪切（瞬间切换）、淡入淡出（渐黑或渐亮）、叠化（一个镜头融入另一个）和划像。连贯性剪辑确保时间和空间流畅，使故事易于理解。剪辑还通过并置图像来构建意义——一个笑脸镜头后紧接一个比萨饼镜头，会让我们认为他喜欢那个比萨。
11. Sound | 声音
Sound in media can be diegetic (part of the story world, like dialogue, footsteps or a car horn) or non-diegetic (added for the audience, such as background music, voiceover or a laugh track). Other sound elements include sound effects, ambient sound and sound bridges that link scenes. A simple way to remember: DIegetic = Inside the DIegesis (the story world).
媒体中的声音可以是剧情内声音（属于故事世界，如对话、脚步声或汽车喇叭声）或剧情外声音（为观众添加的，如背景音乐、画外音或笑声轨道）。其他声音元素还包括音效、环境声和连接场景的声音桥接。一个简单的记忆方法：DIegetic（剧情内） = Inside the DIegesis（在故事世界内部）。
12. Quick Memory Tricks and Keyword Acronyms | 快速记忆窍门与关键词首字母缩写
When revising, use acronyms to group key ideas. Two useful ones for Year 7 are:
复习时，使用首字母缩写来归类关键概念。对七年级生有用的两个缩写是：
- DANCE: Denotation, Audience, Narrative, Codes, Editing. DANCE： 明示义、受众、叙事、代码、剪辑。
- MIGRAIN: Media language, Ideology, Genre, Representation, Audience, Institution, Narrative. MIGRAIN： 媒体语言、意识形态、类型、表征、受众、机构、叙事。
Create flashcards with an image on one side and the term plus definition on the other. As you watch any media text, practise naming the shots, identifying the genre and asking why each element was chosen. Turning analysis into a game makes the vocabulary stick.
制作闪卡，一面放图片，另一面放术语和定义。当你看任何媒体文本时，练习说出景别、识别类型并追问为何每个元素被选中。将分析变成一种游戏，能让这些词汇铭刻在心。
Published by TutorHao | Media Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
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