Year 7 CAIE Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 CAIE Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册

This handbook compiles essential rules, patterns and ‘formulas’ that underpin success in CAIE Year 7 Chinese. Think of each section as a theorem you can apply directly to reading, writing, speaking and listening tasks. Mastering these building blocks will give you the confidence to decode new characters, construct accurate sentences and appreciate the logic behind the language.

本手册汇编了 CAIE Year 7 中文课程成功所必需的关键规则、模式和“公式”。可以把每一节看作一个定理，直接应用于读、写、说、听任务中。掌握这些基础构件，你将拥有解码生字、构建准确句子以及理解语言背后逻辑的信心。

1. Pinyin Rules | 拼音规则

Pinyin is the phonetic system that uses the Latin alphabet to represent Mandarin sounds. The syllable structure follows a fixed formula: initial + final + tone. Some syllables have zero initials, such as ‘ān’, where the final carries the tone directly. Mastering this structure is the first theorem of accurate pronunciation.

拼音是使用拉丁字母表示普通话发音的语音系统。音节结构遵循固定的公式：声母 + 韵母 + 声调。有些音节为零声母，如“ān”，韵母直接承载声调。掌握这一结构是准确发音的第一个定理。

When two third-tone syllables appear together, the first one changes to second tone. For example, ‘nǐ hǎo’ becomes ‘ní hǎo’ in speech. This is a tonal sandhi rule, not reflected in spelling.

当两个三声音节连读时，前一个变为二声。例如，“nǐ hǎo”在口语中读作“ní hǎo”。这是一条变调规则，拼写中不予体现。

The semivowels ‘y’ and ‘w’ are used when ‘i’, ‘u’, or ‘ü’ begin a syllable without an initial. Thus ‘i’ becomes ‘yi’, ‘u’ becomes ‘wu’, and ‘ü’ becomes ‘yu’. The rule: replace the vowel with the corresponding semivowel.

当 ‘i’、’u’ 或 ‘ü’ 作为音节开头且没有声母时，使用半元音 ‘y’ 和 ‘w’。因此 ‘i’ 写作 ‘yi’，’u’ 写作 ‘wu’，’ü’ 写作 ‘yu’。规则：用对应的半元音替代元音。

Initial + Final + Tone = One Syllable

声母 + 韵母 + 声调 = 一个音节

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2. Stroke Order Principles | 笔画顺序原则

Every character is built stroke by stroke. The stroke order theorem is a sequence of seven principles that, when followed, produce balanced and legible characters. Violating stroke order often leads to unrecognisable shapes and slower handwriting.

每个汉字都由笔画逐一搭建而成。笔画顺序定理由七条原则组成，遵循它们可以写出平衡、易认的字形。违反笔顺往往导致字形难以辨认，书写速度变慢。

• Horizontal before vertical: 十 (first 一, then 丨)

  先横后竖：十（先写一，再写丨）

• Top before bottom: 三 (top 一, then middle, then bottom)

  从上到下：三（先上横，再中横，最后下横）

• Left before right: 人 (first 丿, then ㇏)

  从左到右：人（先写丿，后写㇏）

• Outside before inside: 月 (outer frame first, then inner strokes)

  先外后内：月（先外框，再内部笔画）

• Inside before closing: 国 (outer 口, inner 玉, then closing bottom line)

  先进后关：国（先写门框，内写玉，最后封底横）

• Centre before symmetrical sides: 小 (first 亅, then left and right dots)

  先中间后两边：小（先写亅，再左右点）

• Diagonal right-to-left before diagonal left-to-right: 文 (first 丶, then 一, then 丿, finally ㇏)

  先撇后捺：文（先点，再横，然后撇，最后捺）

These rules act like a geometric construction; applying them consistently makes stroke order a reliable formula.

这些规则如同几何作图；持续应用它们使笔顺成为可靠的公式。

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3. Radicals and Character Formation | 部首与构字法

A radical is the key component used to index characters in a dictionary and often signals the meaning category. A character can be formed by one radical and a phonetic component, following the formula: Character = Semantic Radical + Phonetic Component.

部首是字典索引的关键部件，通常提示字的意义类别。汉字常由一个部首和声旁组成，遵循公式：字 = 形旁 + 声旁。

For example, ‘妈’ (mā, mother) breaks into radical ‘女’ (female) and phonetic ‘马’ (mǎ). ‘清’ (qīng, clear) consists of ‘氵’ (water) and ‘青’ (qīng). The radical gives the semantic clue, while the phonetic part suggests pronunciation. This theorem helps deduce meaning and sound of unfamiliar characters.

例如，“妈”分解为部首“女”和声旁“马”。“清”由“氵”（水）和“青”组成。部首提供语义线索，声旁提示读音。这一定理有助于推测陌生字的意义和发音。

There are six categories of character formation, but the two most relevant are pictographs (象形) and phono-semantic compounds (形声). Over 80% of modern Chinese characters are phono-semantic compounds, making this formula highly efficient.

汉字构造有六书，最相关的两类是象形和形声。现代汉字中超过80%是形声字，使得这一构建公式极为高效。

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4. Tone Sandhi Rules | 变调规则

While tones are marked in Pinyin according to the citation form, connected speech triggers several sandhi rules. These are tone changes that occur predictably, like automatic operations in a formula.

尽管拼音按单字调标注，连续语流中会触发多种变调规则。这些变调是有规律可循的，就像公式中的自动运算。

Third-tone Sandhi: When two third tones meet, the first becomes second tone. 3 + 3 → 2 + 3. Example: 你好 (nǐ hǎo) → ní hǎo. If three third tones appear in a row, the middle one retains third tone or changes depending on phrasing.

三声变调：两个三声相连，前一变为二声。3 + 3 → 2 + 3。例：你好 (nǐ hǎo) → ní hǎo。若三个三声连续，中间一个保留原调或根据词组划分变调。

‘不’ Tone Change: ‘bù’ is fourth tone except when followed by another fourth tone, where it changes to second tone: bù + 4th tone → bú + 4th tone. E.g., 不是 (bù shì) → bú shì. Before first, second and third tones, ‘bù’ remains fourth tone.

“不”变调：“不”本调为四声，但在另一个四声字前变为二声：bù + 四声 → bú + 四声。如“不是”bú shì。在一、二、三声前保持四声。

‘一’ Tone Change: ‘yī’ is first tone in isolation, but becomes fourth tone before first, second, third tones, and second tone before fourth tones. 一 + 1/2/3 → yì + tone; 一 + 4 → yí + 4th tone. E.g., 一天 (yì tiān), 一年 (yì nián), 一起 (yì qǐ), 一样 (yí yàng).

“一”变调：“一”单念为一声，在一、二、三声前变为四声，在四声前变为二声。例：一天 (yì tiān)，一年 (yì nián)，一起 (yì qǐ)，一样 (yí yàng)。

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5. Parts of Speech in Chinese | 中文词类

Understanding Chinese parts of speech is a fundamental theorem for sentence building. The main word classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, measure words, particles and conjunctions. A key difference from English is the use of measure words between numerals and nouns.

理解中文词类是造句的基本定理。主要词类有名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词、助词和连词。与英语的一个关键差异是在数词和名词之间必须使用量词。

Word Class	Function Theorem	Example
Noun	Names person, place, thing	书 (book)
Verb	Action or state	看 (see)
Adjective	Describes a noun	大 (big)
Measure Word	Links numeral to noun	本 (for books)

Numeral + Measure Word + Noun

数词 + 量词 + 名词

For instance, ‘one book’ must be ‘一本书’ (yī běn shū), never ‘一书’. Each noun class has a preferred measure word, and memorising these combinations is a vital memorisation formula.

例如，“一本书”必须用“一本”结构，决不能只用“一书”。每类名词有习惯搭配的量词，熟记这些组合是重要的记忆公式。

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6. Sentence Structures | 句式结构公式

The basic Chinese sentence follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern, identical to English. However, time and place phrases usually appear before the verb, following a strict order: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. This is a powerful positional formula.

中文基本句式为主动宾结构，与英语相同。但时间、地点短语通常出现在动词之前，遵循严格顺序：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。这是一个威力巨大的位置公式。

For example: 我 (S) 明天 (Time) 在图书馆 (Place) 看 (V) 书 (O). The ‘time-place-verb’ sequence is nearly unbreakable. Yes/no questions can be formed by adding ‘吗’ at the end: Statement + 吗? Or use the V-not-V pattern: 你去不去?

例如：“我明天在图书馆看书”。“时间-地点-动词”的序列几乎不可打破。是非问句通过在句末加“吗”构成：陈述句 + 吗？或使用正反问句式：你去不去？

The ‘是…的’ construction emphasises time, place or manner: Subject + 是 + detail + 的 + Verb. This is a useful theorem for highlighting information.

“是…的”结构用于强调时间、地点或方式：主语 + 是 + 细节 + 的 + 动词。这是突出信息的有效定理。

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7. Punctuation Guidelines | 标点符号用法

Chinese punctuation shares some symbols with English but uses distinct marks for quotation and enumeration. The full stop is a small circle ‘。’, not a dot. The comma is a regular comma ‘,’ or an enumeration comma ‘、’ when listing items. These are punctuation ‘formulas’ that must be applied accurately in writing.

中文标点与英语部分相同，但引号和列举符号有区别。句号是一个小圆圈“。”，不是点。逗号在列举时常用顿号“、”。这些是写作中必须准确应用的标点“公式”。

When listing nouns, use ‘、’ between items: 我喜欢苹果、香蕉、橘子。For clauses, use a regular comma ‘,’. Quotation marks in simplified Chinese are ‘“”’ and in traditional ‘「」’, but for CAIE, use ‘“”’ consistently. Book titles use ‘《》’: 《西游记》.

列举名词时，项目之间用“、”：我喜欢苹果、香蕉、橘子。分句间用逗号“，”。简体中文引号为“” ，CAIE 中统一使用“”。书名用《》：“《西游记》”。

A strong pause or explanation uses a colon ‘：’ and a dash ‘——’ can indicate a shift. Remember that punctuation is never placed at the start of a new line in proper manuscript format, except the opening quotation mark.

表示停顿或解释用冒号“：”，破折号“——”表示转折。注意在正确排版中，除前引号外，标点符号不应出现在行首。

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8. Common Rhetorical Devices | 常用修辞手法

Rhetorical devices are like stylistic theorems that enhance writing. Recognising and applying them is essential for reading comprehension and composition. The most common ones in Year 7 include metaphor (比喻), simile (明喻/暗喻), personification (拟人), exaggeration (夸张), parallelism (排比) and rhetorical question (反问).

修辞手法如同提升文采的风格定理。识别并运用它们对阅读理解和写作至关重要。Year 7 最常见的包括比喻、拟人、夸张、排比和反问。

Metaphor formula: A 是 B, or A 像 B (when using ‘像’, it is a simile). E.g., 月亮像小船 (The moon is like a small boat). Personification gives human qualities: 小鸟在唱歌 (The bird is singing). Parallelism uses three or more similar structures: 我们爱学习，爱劳动，爱祖国。

比喻公式：A 是 B，或 A 像 B（用“像”为明喻）。例如：月亮像小船。拟人赋予事物人的特性：小鸟在唱歌。排比使用三个或以上相似结构：我们爱学习，爱劳动，爱祖国。

Rhetorical question uses a question form to make a statement, often ending with 吗 or 呢 but expecting no answer: 难道这不是事实吗？This device adds emphasis.

反问用疑问形式表达肯定，常以“吗”或“呢”结尾，但不需回答：难道这不是事实吗？这种修辞增强语气。

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9. Classical Idiom Patterns | 成语使用定理

Chengyu are four-character fixed phrases carrying historical stories or fixed meanings. They function as compact theorems of expression. Learning a chengyu’s literal meaning, figurative meaning, and a model sentence forms a triple-formula approach.

成语是四字固定短语，承载历史故事或固定含义。它们充当紧凑的表达定理。学习成语的字面义、比喻义和例句，构成三重公式学习法。

Common chengyu for Year 7: 画蛇添足 (draw a snake and add feet – to ruin by adding excess), 亡羊补牢 (mend the pen after losing sheep – better late than never), 井底之蛙 (a frog at the bottom of a well – a person with a limited outlook). Use the structure: Situation + 真是/就像 + chengyu.

Year 7 常见成语：画蛇添足、亡羊补牢、井底之蛙。使用结构：情况 + 真是/就像 + 成语。例如：他完成工作后又加多余装饰，真是画蛇添足。

Memorising the story behind a chengyu helps retention. The theorem: Story → Image → Meaning → Usage. Apply this chain and you will never misuse them.

记忆成语背后的故事有助于掌握。定理：故事 → 画面 → 含义 → 用法。运用这一链条，就不会用错。

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10. Collocation Rules | 词语搭配规则

Certain words habitually pair together, forming collocations. These are ‘word formulas’ that sound natural to native speakers. For example, ‘穿’ (wear) pairs with clothing, ‘戴’ (wear) pairs with accessories: 穿衣服, 戴帽子. Mixing them creates errors.

某些词语习惯搭配，形成固定词组。这些是母语者听起来自然的“词语公式”。例如，“穿”与服装搭配，“戴”与佩饰搭配：穿衣服、戴帽子。混淆会造成错误。

Verb-object collocations: 吃 (eat) + 饭 (meal), 读 (read) + 书 (book/study), 写 (write) + 字 (characters). Adjective-noun pairs: 美丽 (beautiful) + 风景 (scenery), 深厚 (deep) + 友谊 (friendship). Treat these pairings as ready-made blocks for sentence construction.

动宾搭配：吃饭、读书、写字。形名搭配：美丽风景、深厚友谊。把这些搭配视为造句的现成积木。

A key theorem: when in doubt, recall a complete phrase instead of a single word. This embeds the correct collocation in your memory.

关键定理：拿不准时，回忆整个短语而非单个词。这样就把正确搭配嵌入记忆。

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11. Reading Comprehension Strategies | 阅读理解策略

Approach any Chinese text using a step-by-step theorem. First, scan the title and any pictures to predict the topic. Then, identify the text type: narrative, expository, or argumentative. This sets the frame.

用步骤定理对付任何中文文本。首先，扫读标题和图片，预测主题。然后，识别文体：记叙文、说明文还是议论文，以设定框架。

Next, use the ‘5W1H’ formula: who, what, when, where, why, how. Search for these elements in the text. Underline transition words like 首先, 然后, 最后 that signal structure. For unknown words, apply the radical-phonetic theorem from Section 3 and use context to guess meaning.

接着，使用“5W1H”公式：人物、事件、时间、地点、原因、方式。在文中寻找这些元素。划出表示结构的过渡词，如首先、然后、最后。遇到生词，应用第3节的部首声旁定理，并借助语境猜测词义。

The final step: answer questions by locating evidence in the text; never rely solely on memory. Copy the relevant phrase or paraphrase it, maintaining the original meaning.

最后一步：回答问题要在文中定位证据；不可单凭记忆。抄录相关短语或转述，保持原意。

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12. Key Cultural Knowledge | 文化常识速查

Cultural knowledge in Year 7 CAIE Chinese often takes the form of discrete facts about festivals, customs and classic stories. These can be treated as small ‘theorems’ that you must be able to recall and explain.

Year 7 CAIE 中文中的文化常识常以节日、习俗和经典故事的零散知识形式出现。它们可以视为必须能回忆和解释的小“定理”。

• Spring Festival (春节): falls on the first day of the lunar calendar; customs include pasting couplets, eating dumplings, and giving red envelopes. Its symbolic formula: family reunion + renewal.

  春节：农历正月初一；习俗包括贴春联、吃饺子、发红包。其象征公式：团圆 + 迎新。

• Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节): 15th day of the 8th lunar month; eat mooncakes, admire the moon. Legend: Chang’e flying to the moon. Core theme: reunion under the full moon.

  中秋节：农历八月十五；吃月饼、赏月。传说：嫦娥奔月。核心主题：月圆人团圆。

• The Great Wall (长城): built across mountains to defend against invaders; symbol of perseverance. Associated idiom: 不到长城非好汉 (He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man).

  长城：跨越山脉修建以抵御入侵者；象征坚韧。相关成语：不到长城非好汉。

Store these facts in a simple template: name + date + custom + story + one idiom. That completes the cultural theorem.

将这些事实存入一个简单模板：名称 + 日期 + 习俗 + 故事 + 一条成语。这就完成了文化定理。

Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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