📚 Year 7 CAIE History: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CAIE 历史：核心知识点梳理
History helps us understand how people lived in the past and how events have shaped the world today. In Year 7, the CAIE History course introduces students to key historical skills and a sweep of British and European history from Roman times to the late Middle Ages. This revision guide covers the core knowledge you need, from working with sources to the impact of the Black Death.
历史帮助我们了解过去人们如何生活，以及各种事件如何塑造了今天的世界。在七年级，CAIE 历史课程向学生介绍关键的历史技能，并梳理从罗马时代到中世纪晚期的英国及欧洲历史。这份复习指南涵盖了你所需的核心知识，从史料运用方法到黑死病的影响。
1. What is History? | 什么是历史？
History is the study of the past based on evidence. Historians do not simply collect dates and names; they investigate why events happened and how they affected people. Chronology – putting events in order from earliest to latest – is a fundamental skill. We often divide history into periods such as ancient, medieval, and modern to help make sense of long stretches of time.
历史是基于证据对过去的探究。历史学家并不仅仅是收集日期和姓名，他们研究事件发生的原因以及事件如何影响人们。年代学——将事件按从早到晚的顺序排列——是一项基本技能。我们通常将历史划分为古代、中世纪和现代等时期，以便理清漫长的时间脉络。
2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据
Historians use primary sources (created at the time, like letters, coins, or ruins) and secondary sources (written later, like textbooks). A source must be examined for reliability – is it accurate, biased, or incomplete? Asking questions about who made it, why, and when helps us decide how much we can trust it.
历史学家使用第一手资料（当时产生的，如信件、钱币或废墟）和第二手资料（后来编写的，如教科书）。必须考察史料的可靠性——它是否准确、带有偏见或不完整？询问是谁、为什么以及何时创造了它，有助于我们判断能在多大程度上相信它。
3. The Roman Empire | 罗马帝国
At its height, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain to North Africa and the Middle East. The Romans built roads, aqueducts, and towns, and they spread Latin and their laws. In Britain, they founded cities such as Londinium (London) and left a lasting legacy including straight roads, baths, and central heating. The Western Empire collapsed in the 5th century, but the Eastern Empire survived for another thousand years.
在鼎盛时期，罗马帝国从不列颠延伸至北非和中东。罗马人修建了道路、引水渠和城镇，并传播了拉丁语及其法律。在不列颠，他们建立了像 Londinium（伦敦）这样的城市，并留下了持久的遗产，包括笔直的道路、浴场和集中供暖。西罗马帝国在 5 世纪崩溃，但东罗马帝国又延续了一千年。
4. Anglo‑Saxon England | 盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰
After the Romans left, tribes from Germany and Denmark – Angles, Saxons, and Jutes – settled in England. They established several kingdoms, such as Wessex and Mercia, and gradually converted to Christianity. King Alfred the Great of Wessex defended his people against Viking attacks and promoted education. The Anglo‑Saxon period gave us many place names ending in -ham and -ton, and the basis of the English language.
罗马人撤离后，来自日耳曼和丹麦的部落——盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人——在英格兰定居。他们建立了若干王国，如威塞克斯和麦西亚，并逐渐皈依基督教。威塞克斯的阿尔弗雷德大王抵御了维京人的进攻，并推动了教育。盎格鲁-撒克逊时期为我们留下了许多以 -ham 和 -ton 结尾的地名，以及英语的基础。
5. The Viking Invasions | 维京入侵
From the late 8th century, Vikings from Scandinavia raided and later settled in parts of Britain and Ireland. They were skilled sailors and warriors. In 878, after a series of defeats, Alfred the Great made a treaty with the Viking leader Guthrum, creating the Danelaw – an area in the north and east of England where Viking law and customs held sway. Viking longboats and runic writing are famous features of their culture.
从 8 世纪末开始，来自斯堪的纳维亚的维京人袭击了不列颠和爱尔兰的部分地区，随后定居下来。他们是技艺高超的水手和战士。878 年，在经历一系列失败后，阿尔弗雷德大王与维京首领古斯鲁姆达成协议，建立了丹麦法区——英格兰北部和东部的一个地区，维京法律和习俗在此占主导地位。维京长船和如尼文字是其文化的著名特征。
6. The Norman Conquest (1066) | 诺曼征服（1066年）
In 1066, Edward the Confessor died without an heir, leading to a succession crisis. Harold Godwinson became king, but William, Duke of Normandy, also claimed the throne. William invaded England and defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story of the conquest in pictures. William’s victory led to major changes in land ownership, language, and government, including the Domesday Book in 1086.
1066 年，忏悔者爱德华去世，没有留下子嗣，引发了一场继承危机。哈罗德·戈德温森成为国王，但诺曼底公爵威廉也宣称有权继承王位。威廉入侵英格兰，并于 1066 年 10 月 14 日在黑斯廷斯战役中击败哈罗德。贝叶挂毯以图画形式讲述了这次征服的故事。威廉的胜利导致了土地所有权、语言和政府的重大变革，包括 1086 年编成的《末日审判书》。
7. Feudalism | 封建制度
William the Conqueror introduced the feudal system to control England. The king owned all land; he granted fiefs to his tenants‑in‑chief (barons and bishops) in return for loyalty and knights for his army. Beneath them, knights held land from the lords, and peasants (villeins) worked the land in return for protection. This hierarchy created a clear chain of command and ensured the king could raise an army.
征服者威廉将封建制度引入英格兰以加强控制。国王拥有所有土地；他将采邑授予直属封臣（贵族和主教），作为回报，封臣需效忠并提供骑士供其军队驱使。在封臣之下，骑士从领主那里获得土地，农民（维兰）则耕种土地以获得保护。这一等级制度建立了清晰的指挥链，并确保国王能召集军队。
8. Medieval Castles | 中世纪城堡
Norman castles were built first in wood as motte‑and‑bailey designs: a raised earth mound (motte) with a wooden keep, beside a yard (bailey) enclosed by a palisade. Later, many were rebuilt in stone for stronger defence. Castles served as symbols of power, homes for the lord, and military bases. Features like battlements, arrow slits, portcullises, and moats made them difficult to capture.
诺曼城堡最初用木材建成土丘-内庭式设计：一个加高的土丘（motte），上面建木制主楼，旁边是一个由栅栏围住的庭院（bailey）。后来许多城堡用石头重建，防御更为坚固。城堡既是权力的象征、领主的住所，也是军事基地。城垛、箭孔、吊闸和护城河等特征使得城堡极难攻占。
9. Life in a Medieval Village | 中世纪乡村生活
Most people in medieval England lived in villages and worked the land. The open field system divided land into strips, with each family farming several strips scattered around. Peasants paid rent and gave labour service to the lord. Their diet was based on bread, pottage (a thick soup), and ale. Life was hard, with disease, famine, and little education, but the Church provided festivals and a sense of community.
中世纪英格兰的大多数人居住在乡村并耕种土地。敞田制将土地划分为长条，每个家庭耕种散落在各处的几条地。农民需向领主缴纳租金并提供劳役。他们的饮食以面包、浓汤（粥）和麦芽酒为主。生活困苦，疫病、饥荒频发，教育匮乏，但教会提供节日庆典和一种社区归属感。
10. The Black Death | 黑死病
The Black Death (1348–49) was a devastating plague that killed about one‑third of England’s population. It was spread by fleas on rats and caused painful swellings (buboes). The impact was huge: labour became scarce, peasants could demand higher wages or move to better lands, and the old feudal order began to weaken. This led to the Statute of Labourers (1351) and contributed to the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.
黑死病（1348-49 年）是一场毁灭性的瘟疫，造成英格兰约三分之一的人口死亡。它通过老鼠身上的跳蚤传播，引起痛苦的肿块（腹股沟淋巴结炎）。其影响是巨大的：劳动力变得稀缺，农民可以要求更高工资或移居到更好的土地上，旧的封建秩序开始瓦解。这导致了 1351 年的《劳工法令》，并促成了 1381 年的农民起义。
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