📚 Year 7 CAIE Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 Sociology vocabulary guide. Sociology helps us understand how people live together, why we follow certain rules, and how we become who we are. Learning the key terms is essential because they are the building blocks for every topic you will study. This article explains the most important words and phrases in simple English, with clear Chinese translations, so you can remember them quickly and use them confidently in your lessons.
欢迎阅读你的七年级社会学词汇指南。社会学帮助我们理解人们如何共同生活、为什么我们遵守某些规则，以及我们如何成为现在的自己。学习关键术语至关重要，因为它们是你会接触到的每个主题的基础。本文用简单的英语解释最重要的词语和短语，并配有清晰的中文翻译，让你能够快速记住它们，并在课堂上自信地使用。
1. Society | 社会
A society is a large group of people who live in the same area and share a common way of life. This includes their government, laws, traditions, and daily habits. Societies can be as big as a country or as small as a local community.
社会是指生活在同一地区并拥有共同生活方式的一大群人。这包括他们的政府、法律、传统和日常习惯。社会可以大到一个国家，也可以小到一个地方社区。
For example, Japanese society is known for bowing to show respect, while in Brazilian society, people often greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. These are different ‘social norms’ that shape everyday behaviour.
例如，日本社会以鞠躬表示尊重而闻名，而在巴西社会，人们常常以亲吻脸颊的方式来打招呼。这些就是塑造日常行为的不同的”社会规范”。
Understanding the term ‘society’ is the first step to seeing that our individual choices are always influenced by the larger group we live in.
理解”社会”这个词是认识到我们的个人选择总是受到我们所在的更大群体影响的第一步。
2. Culture | 文化
Culture is everything that makes up a society’s way of life. It includes things you can see, like language, clothing, food, and music, and things you cannot see, like beliefs, values, and unwritten rules. Culture is learned, not passed down through our genes.
文化是构成社会生活方式的一切。它包括你能看到的东西，如语言、服装、食物和音乐，也包括你看不到的东西，如信仰、价值观和不成文的规则。文化是后天习得的，而不是通过基因遗传的。
Imagine visiting a friend from a different cultural background. You might notice their family eats different dishes, celebrates different festivals, or has a different idea of what is polite. These differences are all parts of culture.
想象一下拜访一位来自不同文化背景的朋友。你可能会注意到他们家里吃的菜肴不同、庆祝的节日不同，或者对什么是礼貌有不同的看法。这些差异都是文化的一部分。
Sociologists study culture to learn how people make sense of the world and pass their knowledge to the next generation.
社会学家研究文化，是为了了解人们如何理解世界，以及如何将知识传递给下一代。
3. Norms | 规范
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that a society or group expects its members to follow. They tell us what is ‘normal’ and acceptable in everyday life. Unlike laws, breaking a norm usually does not lead to a formal punishment, but it can cause others to disapprove or feel uncomfortable.
规范是社会或群体期望其成员遵守的不成文行为规则。它们告诉我们在日常生活中什么是”正常的”和可接受的。与法律不同，违反规范通常不会导致正式的处罚，但可能会引起他人的不满或不适。
A simple norm in many classrooms is to raise your hand before speaking. If a student shouts out without raising their hand, a teacher might frown or remind them of the rule. That frown is a gentle way of reinforcing the norm.
许多课堂上的一条简单规范是发言前先举手。如果学生不举手就喊出来，老师可能会皱眉或提醒他们遵守规则。那个皱眉就是强化规范的一种温和方式。
Norms change over time and vary from culture to culture, so what is normal in one place may be unusual in another.
规范会随着时间的推移而改变，并且因文化而异，所以在一个地方正常的事情在另一个地方可能是不寻常的。
4. Values | 价值观
Values are the deeply held beliefs about what is good, right, and important in life. They are like a moral compass that guides people’s choices. While norms tell us how to behave, values explain why we behave that way. For example, a norm like ‘queue politely’ is based on the value of fairness.
价值观是关于生活中什么是好、正确和重要的深层信念。它们就像一个道德指南针，指引着人们的选择。规范告诉我们该如何行动，而价值观则解释我们为什么要那样行动。例如，”礼貌排队”的规范是基于公平的价值观。
Societies share certain core values. In many democratic societies, values include freedom, equality, and respect for human dignity. When a person’s actions match their stated values, we say they have integrity.
社会共享着某些核心价值观。在许多民主社会中，价值观包括自由、平等和尊重人的尊严。当一个人的行为与其宣称的价值观一致时，我们说他们有诚信。
Learning to identify the values behind norms helps you analyse why different societies have different rules and expectations.
学会识别规范背后的价值观，有助于你分析为什么不同的社会有不同的规则和期望。
5. Status and Role | 地位与角色
Status refers to the social position someone holds in a group or society, such as a student, parent, or doctor. A role is the set of behaviours expected from a person who holds a certain status. You can think of status as the label and role as the script you follow.
地位指的是某人在群体或社会中拥有的社会位置，比如学生、父母或医生。角色是人们对处于某个地位的人所期望的一系列行为。你可以把地位看作是标签，把角色看作是你遵循的剧本。
For example, a ‘teacher’ is a status. The role of the teacher includes planning lessons, marking homework, and helping students learn. If a student becomes the class monitor, that is a new status, and the new role might include taking attendance or handing out books.
例如，”老师”是一个地位。老师的角色包括备课、批改作业和帮助学生学习。如果一名学生成为班长，那是一个新的地位，新的角色可能包括记考勤或分发书本。
One person can have multiple statuses at the same time — you might be a daughter, a student, and a team captain — each with its own role expectations.
一个人可以同时拥有多个地位——你可能同时是女儿、学生和队长——每个地位都有各自的角色期望。
6. Socialization | 社会化
Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, and behaviours of their society. It is how a baby who knows nothing about the world grows into a member of a community who can speak the language, understand rules, and form relationships.
社会化是一个持续终身的过程，通过这个过程，个人学习并内化他们所在社会的规范、价值观和行为。这就是一个对世界一无所知的婴儿如何成长为能够说该语言、理解规则并建立关系的共同体成员。
Through socialization, we develop our personality and our sense of self, or ‘identity’. Without it, human beings would not learn to speak, share, or cooperate in the ways that make society possible.
通过社会化，我们发展出自己的个性和自我意识，也就是”身份认同”。没有社会化，人类就无法学会说话、分享或以让社会得以可能的方式进行合作。
Sociologists divide socialization into two main types: primary and secondary, which we will explore next.
社会学家将社会化分为两种主要类型：初级社会化和次级社会化，我们接下来会探讨。
7. Primary Socialization | 初级社会化
Primary socialization happens in the first few years of life, usually within the family. During this phase, children learn basic language, toilet habits, how to express emotions, and the most fundamental norms and values — such as saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ or understanding the difference between right and wrong.
初级社会化发生在生命的头几年，通常是在家庭内部。在这个阶段，儿童学习基本的语言、如厕习惯、如何表达情感，以及最基础的规范和价值观——比如学说”请”和”谢谢”，或者理解对与错的区别。
The family is the most important agent here because parents and carers provide close, emotional bonds that make learning safe and meaningful. The lessons learned in primary socialization often stay with a person for life.
家庭是这里最重要的主体，因为父母和照顾者提供亲密的、带有情感纽带的联系，使学习变得安全和有意义。在初级社会化中学到的经验往往会伴随人的一生。
Think about your earliest memories of learning manners. Most likely, a parent or grandparent gently corrected you when you did something impolite. That was primary socialization in action.
回想一下你最早关于学习礼貌的记忆。很可能，当你做了不礼貌的事情时，父母或祖父母会温和地纠正你。那就是初级社会化在起作用。
8. Secondary Socialization | 次级社会化
Secondary socialization begins later in childhood and continues throughout our lives. It takes place outside the home, through institutions like schools, peer groups, religious organisations, and the media. This stage teaches us how to behave in public, follow wider social rules, and adapt to different formal settings.
次级社会化在童年后期开始，并贯穿我们的一生。它发生在家庭之外，通过学校、同辈群体、宗教组织和媒体等机构进行。这个阶段教会我们如何在公共场合行事、遵守更广泛的社会规则，以及适应不同的正式场合。
At school, you learn to sit still, follow a timetable, and respond to a bell — behaviours that are very different from the intimate, relaxed rules at home. These prepare you for the world of work and wider society.
在学校，你学会安静坐好、遵守时间表和回应铃声——这些行为与家里亲密、放松的规则截然不同。这为你进入职场和更广阔的社会做好了准备。
While primary socialization builds our core identity, secondary socialization adds layers of skills and knowledge that let us move between many different social situations.
初级社会化构建了我们的核心身份，而次级社会化则增加了层层技能和知识，使我们能够在许多不同的社交场合之间自如转换。
9. Agents of Socialization: Family | 社会化主体：家庭
The family is the first and often the most powerful agent of socialization. It provides the physical and emotional care that young children need to feel secure, and it is where we first learn to communicate, share, and follow simple rules. Families can look very different — some have two parents, some have one, some include grandparents — but they all serve this foundational role.
家庭是社会化中第一个，通常也是最有力的主体。它提供幼儿感到安全所需的身体和情感关怀，也是我们最初学习沟通、分享和遵守简单规则的地方。家庭的形式可以多种多样——有些是双亲家庭，有些是单亲，有些包括祖父母——但它们都扮演着这个基础角色。
Through daily routines like meal times and bedtime stories, children absorb their family’s particular cultural and religious values. Even the way parents talk about work, money, or neighbours teaches children what is important.
通过用餐时间和睡前故事等日常活动，儿童吸收了家庭独特的文化和宗教价值观。甚至父母谈论工作、金钱或邻居的方式也教会孩子什么是重要的。
Because the family bond is emotional and long‑lasting, the norms learned here often feel natural rather than taught, which makes them especially deep‑rooted.
因为家庭纽带是感性的且持久的，在这里学到的规范往往感觉是自然而然的，而不是被教导的，这使得它们尤其根深蒂固。
10. Agents of Socialization: Education | 社会化主体：教育
Schools and other educational settings are key agents of secondary socialization. They not only teach academic subjects but also communicate a ‘hidden curriculum’ of punctuality, obedience, cooperation, and competition. Students learn to work with people who are not their relatives and to accept evaluation from authority figures beyond their parents.
学校和其他教育环境是次级社会化的关键主体。它们不仅教授学术科目，还传递一种关于守时、服从、合作和竞争的”隐性课程”。学生学会与非亲属的人共事，并接受来自父母以外的权威人物的评价。
Assemblies, school rules, uniform policies, and reward systems all reinforce the idea that there are common standards everyone is expected to meet. This mirrors how the adult world operates, with its laws and workplace expectations.
晨会、校规、校服制度和奖励体系都强化了一个观念，即存在每个人都应达到的通用标准。这反映了成人世界的运作方式，有其法律和职场期望。
By interacting with classmates from different backgrounds, children also broaden their understanding of culture and learn to negotiate differences — a vital skill in a diverse society.
通过与来自不同背景的同学互动，儿童也拓展了对文化的理解，并学会了协商差异——在一个多元化的社会中，这是一项至关重要的技能。
11. Agents of Socialization: Peer Group | 社会化主体：同辈群体
A peer group is a social group whose members share similar age, interests, and social status. For young people, friends and classmates become increasingly important agents of socialization, especially during adolescence. Within a peer group, individuals learn to form relationships on equal terms, experiment with new styles, and develop an identity separate from their family.
同辈群体是一个由年龄、兴趣和社会地位相近的成员组成的社会群体。对年轻人来说，朋友和同学成为越来越重要的社会化主体，尤其是在青春期。在同辈群体内部，个体学会平等地建立关系、尝试新的风格，并发展出独立于家庭的个人身份。
Peer pressure can be a powerful force, encouraging members to adopt shared language, fashion, tastes in music, and even attitudes towards study. While sometimes seen as negative, peer influence also teaches loyalty, empathy, and conflict resolution.
同辈压力可能是一股强大的力量，促使成员接受共同的语言、时尚、音乐品味，甚至是对学习的态度。虽然有时被视为消极的，但同辈影响也教会人们忠诚、共情和解决冲突的能力。
Friendships formed in peer groups provide a kind of ‘safe testing ground’ where young people can try out different versions of themselves and see how others react.
在同辈群体中建立的友谊提供了一种”安全的试验场”，年轻人可以在这里尝试不同版本的自己，并观察他人如何反应。
12. Agents of Socialization: Media | 社会化主体：媒体
The media — including television, films, social media, video games, and news outlets — is a powerful agent of secondary socialization that reaches people of all ages. It transmits messages about beauty, success, gender roles, and current events, often shaping public opinion without us even realising it.
媒体——包括电视、电影、社交媒体、电子游戏和新闻媒体——是一个强大的次级社会化主体，影响着所有年龄段的人。它传递关于美、成功、性别角色和时事的讯息，常常在我们没有意识到的情况下塑造公众舆论。
For example, the characters you admire in a series or the influencers you follow online can affect your language, your spending habits, and your beliefs about what is ‘normal’. Media literacy therefore becomes an important skill to learn in sociology.
例如，你在电视剧中崇拜的角色或你在网上关注的网红，都可能会影响你的语言、消费习惯以及你对什么是”正常”的看法。因此，媒介素养成为社会学中需要学习的一项重要技能。
Unlike family or school, the media is often a one‑way channel that can broadcast the same idea to millions of people at once, making it a unique tool for both information and persuasion.
与家庭或学校不同，媒体通常是一个单向渠道，可以同时向数百万人传播同一个观念，这使其成为传递信息和进行说服的独特工具。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply