Year 7 CAIE Spanish: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语:核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 CAIE Spanish: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语:核心知识点梳理

Mastering the basics is the first step to becoming a confident Spanish speaker. This article provides a structured review of the essential topics covered in Year 7 CAIE Spanish, including greetings, grammar, everyday vocabulary and cultural insights. Use it as a checkpoint for your knowledge and a guide for your revision.

掌握基础知识是成为自信西班牙语使用者的第一步。本文对 Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语的核心主题进行了结构化梳理,涵盖问候语、语法、日常词汇和文化知识。你可以将其作为知识自检清单,也可以用作复习指南。

1. Greetings and Introductions | 问候与介绍

In Spanish, greetings vary depending on the time of day and the level of formality. Common greetings include ‘Hola’ (Hello), ‘Buenos días’ (Good morning), ‘Buenas tardes’ (Good afternoon) and ‘Buenas noches’ (Good night). It is polite to use these phrases even with strangers.

在西班牙语中,问候语根据一天中的时间和正式程度而不同。常见的问候语包括“Hola”(你好)、“Buenos días”(早上好)、“Buenas tardes”(下午好)和“Buenas noches”(晚安)。即使对陌生人,使用这些短语也是一种礼貌。

To introduce yourself, you can say ‘Me llamo…’ (My name is…) or ‘Soy…’ (I am…). When asking someone’s name, use ‘¿Cómo te llamas?’ in informal situations or ‘¿Cómo se llama usted?’ for formal contexts. The reply ‘Mucho gusto’ means ‘Nice to meet you’. When saying goodbye, you can use ‘Adiós’, ‘Hasta luego’ (See you later) or ‘Hasta mañana’ (See you tomorrow).

介绍自己时,你可以说“Me llamo…”(我叫……)或“Soy…”(我是……)。询问对方姓名时,非正式场合用“¿Cómo te llamas?”,正式场合用“¿Cómo se llama usted?”。回答“Mucho gusto”的意思是“很高兴认识你”。告别时,可以使用“Adiós”、“Hasta luego”(回头见)或“Hasta mañana”(明天见)。


2. The Spanish Alphabet and Pronunciation | 西班牙语字母与发音

The Spanish alphabet has 27 letters, including the unique ‘ñ’. Vowels (a, e, i, o, u) each have only one pure sound: a as in ‘father’, e as in ‘bet’, i as in ‘machine’, o as in ‘or’, u as in ‘rule’. Mastering these vowel sounds early makes pronunciation much easier.

西班牙语字母表有 27 个字母,包括特有的“ñ”。元音(a、e、i、o、u)每个只有一个纯音:a 如 father 中的 a,e 如 bet 中的 e,i 如 machine 中的 i,o 如 or 中的 o,u 如 rule 中的 u。尽早掌握这些元音发音会让朗读单词变得简单许多。

Many consonants are pronounced similarly to English, but some differ. The letter ‘c’ before ‘e’ or ‘i’ is pronounced like /θ/ in most of Spain and like /s/ in Latin America. ‘G’ before ‘e’ or ‘i’ sounds like a strong ‘h’, and ‘h’ is always silent. ‘J’ also has a strong ‘h’ sound. ‘Ll’ can sound like ‘y’ in ‘yes’. ‘Ñ’ is like ‘ny’ in ‘canyon’.

许多辅音的发音与英语相似,但有些不同。字母“c”在“e”或“i”前,在西班牙大部分地区发 /θ/ 音,在拉丁美洲发 /s/ 音。“g”在“e”或“i”前发强烈的“h”音,“h”总是不发音。“j”也发强烈的“h”音。“ll”听起来像 yes 中的“y”。“ñ”的发音类似 canyon 中的“ny”。

Stress usually falls on the second-to-last syllable when a word ends in a vowel, ‘n’ or ‘s’. Otherwise, it falls on the last syllable. A written accent mark overrides these rules and tells you exactly where to stress the word, e.g. ‘está’, ‘fácil’.

重音通常落在以元音、“n”或“s”结尾的单词的倒数第二个音节上;否则落在最后一个音节。书面重音符号会覆盖这些规则,明确指示重音位置,例如“está”、“fácil”。


3. Numbers, Dates and Time | 数字、日期与时间

Numbers are essential for everyday communication. In Year 7, you should be confident with 0 to 100. Key numbers are: 0 cero, 1 uno, 2 dos, 3 tres, 4 cuatro, 5 cinco, 6 seis, 7 siete, 8 ocho, 9 nueve, 10 diez. From 11 to 15: once, doce, trece, catorce, quince. 16 to 19 are formed with ‘dieci’ + number: dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve. Tens: 20 veinte, 30 treinta, 40 cuarenta, 50 cincuenta, 60 sesenta, 70 setenta, 80 ochenta, 90 noventa, 100 cien. Compound numbers like 31 are ‘treinta y uno’.

数字是日常沟通的基础。在 Year 7,你要熟练掌握 0 到 100。关键数字:0 cero,1 uno,2 dos,3 tres,4 cuatro,5 cinco,6 seis,7 siete,8 ocho,9 nueve,10 diez。11 到 15:once、doce、trece、catorce、quince。16 到 19 由“dieci”+ 数字构成:dieciséis、diecisiete、dieciocho、diecinueve。整十数字:20 veinte,30 treinta,40 cuarenta,50 cincuenta,60 sesenta,70 setenta,80 ochenta,90 noventa,100 cien。31 这样的合成数字写作“treinta y uno”。

Days of the week are not capitalised in Spanish: lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, domingo. Months are: enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre. To say the date, use the structure ‘Es el + number + de + month’, e.g. ‘Es el cinco de mayo’.

星期几在西班牙语中不大写:lunes、martes、miércoles、jueves、viernes、sábado、domingo。月份是:enero、febrero、marzo、abril、mayo、junio、julio、agosto、septiembre、octubre、noviembre、diciembre。表达日期时,用“Es el + 数字 + de + 月份”的结构,例如“Es el cinco de mayo”。

Telling time: ‘¿Qué hora es?’ (What time is it?). For 1:00 use ‘Es la una’; for all other hours use ‘Son las’ + the hour. Minutes are added with ‘y’ (and) or subtracted with ‘menos’ (minus). For example, 2:15 is ‘Son las dos y cuarto’, 2:45 is ‘Son las tres menos cuarto’.

时间表达:¿Qué hora es?(几点了?)。1:00 用“Es la una”;其他整点用“Son las”+ 钟点数。分钟用“y”加,或用“menos”减。例如 2:15 是“Son las dos y cuarto”,2:45 是“Son las tres menos cuarto”。


4. Gender of Nouns and Articles | 名词的性与冠词

All Spanish nouns have a gender: masculine or feminine. Generally, nouns ending in -o are masculine (el libro, el chico) and those ending in -a are feminine (la mesa, la chica). However, there are exceptions, e.g. ‘la mano’ (hand) is feminine, and ‘el día’ (day) is masculine.

所有西班牙语名词都有语法性别:阳性或阴性。通常以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性(el libro 书,el chico 男孩),以 -a 结尾的是阴性(la mesa 桌子,la chica 女孩)。但存在例外,如“la mano”(手)是阴性,“el día”(天)是阳性。

Nouns ending in -e, -n, -r, -l or a consonant can be either gender, and must be learned with their article. Some nouns ending in -ista or -nte can be used for both genders by only changing the article: el estudiante / la estudiante, el dentista / la dentista.

以 -e、-n、-r、-l 或辅音结尾的名词可能是阳性也可能是阴性,需要连同冠词一起记忆。一些以 -ista 或 -nte 结尾的名词,仅通过改变冠词就可以表示两种性别:el estudiante / la estudiante(学生),el dentista / la dentista(牙医)。

Definite articles (the) are: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural). Indefinite articles (a, an, some) are: un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural). Plural forms are made by adding -s if the noun ends in a vowel, or -es if it ends in a consonant.

定冠词(the)是:el(阳性单数)、la(阴性单数)、los(阳性复数)、las(阴性复数)。不定冠词(a, an, some)是:un(阳性单数)、una(阴性单数)、unos(阳性复数)、unas(阴性复数)。复数形式:以元音结尾的名词加 -s,以辅音结尾的名词加 -es。


5. Subject Pronouns and the Verb ‘Ser’ | 主格代词与动词 Ser

Subject pronouns tell who does the action. In Spanish they are: yo (I), tú (you, informal), él (he), ella (she), usted (you, formal), nosotros/nosotras (we), vosotros/vosotras (you all, informal, used mainly in Spain), ellos/ellas (they), ustedes (you all, formal or common in Latin America). Unlike English, subject pronouns are often omitted because verb endings show the subject.

主格代词表明动作的发出者。西班牙语中:yo(我)、tú(你,非正式)、él(他)、ella(她)、usted(您,正式)、nosotros/nosotras(我们)、vosotros/vosotras(你们,非正式,主要在西班牙使用)、ellos/ellas(他们/她们)、ustedes(诸位,正式或在拉丁美洲常用)。与英语不同,主格代词经常省略,因为动词词尾已表明主语。

The verb ‘ser’ means ‘to be’ and describes permanent characteristics, identity, origin, time and dates. Its conjugation is irregular and must be memorised.

动词“ser”意思是“是”,用来描述永久特征、身份、来源、时间和日期。它的变位是不规则的,必须牢记。

Subject Pronoun Ser
yo soy
eres
él/ella/usted es
nosotros/nosotras somos
vosotros/vosotras sois
ellos/ellas/ustedes son

Examples: ‘Yo soy estudiante’ (I am a student), ‘Ella es de España’ (She is from Spain), ‘Son las tres’ (It is three o’clock), ‘Nosotros somos amigos’ (We are friends).

例句:“Yo soy estudiante”(我是学生),“Ella es de España”(她来自西班牙),“Son las tres”(现在是三点钟),“Nosotros somos amigos”(我们是朋友)。


6. Describing People and Things: Adjectives and ‘Estar’ | 描述人与物:形容词与 Estar

Adjectives in Spanish must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Most adjectives end in -o in the masculine form and change to -a for feminine: un chico alto, una chica alta. To form plurals, add -s or -es: chicos altos, chicas altas. Adjectives that end in -e or a consonant usually only change for number: un libro interesante, unos libros interesantes; un examen difícil, unos exámenes difíciles. Colours work the same way: rojo, roja, rojos, rojas; azul, azules.

西班牙语中的形容词必须与所修饰的名词在性和数上保持一致。大多数形容词阳性以 -o 结尾,阴性变为 -a:un chico alto(一个高个子男孩),una chica alta(一个高个子女孩)。构成复数时加 -s 或 -es:chicos altos,chicas altas。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只随数变化:un libro interesante,unos libros interesantes;un examen difícil,unos exámenes difíciles。颜色词也遵循相同规则:rojo, roja, rojos, rojas;azul, azules。

Adjectives generally come after the noun in Spanish: ‘una casa grande’ (a big house). However, a few common adjectives such as ‘bueno’ and ‘malo’ can appear before the noun and often shorten: ‘un buen libro’ (a good book).

形容词在西班牙语中一般放在名词之后:“una casa grande”(一栋大房子)。但少数常用形容词如“bueno”和“malo”可以放在名词前,并且常常短尾化:“un buen libro”(一本好书)。

The verb ‘estar’ is also ‘to be’, but describes temporary states, locations, and emotions. Its conjugation is: yo estoy, tú estás, él/ella/usted está, nosotros/nosotras estamos, vosotros/vosotras estáis, ellos/ellas/ustedes están. Use it for sentences like: ‘El libro está en la mesa’ (The book is on the table), ‘Estoy feliz’ (I am happy), ‘Ella está cansada’ (She is tired). Compare with ‘ser’: ‘Ella es inteligente’ (She is intelligent – a permanent characteristic) versus ‘Ella está triste’ (She is sad – a temporary mood).

动词“estar”也是“是”的意思,但用来描述暂时状态、位置和情绪。它的变位是:yo estoy,tú estás,él/ella/usted está,nosotros/nosotras estamos,vosotros/vosotras estáis,ellos/ellas/ustedes están。用它造句:“El libro está en la mesa”(书在桌子上),“Estoy feliz”(我开心),“Ella está cansada”(她累了)。对比“ser”:“Ella es inteligente”(她很聪明——永久特征)和“Ella está triste”(她难过——暂时的情绪)。


7. Everyday Vocabulary: Classroom, Family and Colours | 日常词汇:教室、家庭和颜色

Classroom objects: el lápiz (pencil), el bolígrafo (pen), la goma (eraser), la regla (ruler), el cuaderno (notebook), el libro (book), la mochila (backpack), la pizarra (board), la mesa (table), la silla (chair). Useful phrases: ‘¿Puedo ir al baño?’ (Can I go to the bathroom?), ‘No entiendo’ (I don’t understand).

教室物品:el lápiz(铅笔)、el bolígrafo(圆珠笔)、la goma(橡皮)、la regla(尺子)、el cuaderno(笔记本)、el libro(书)、la mochila(背包)、la pizarra(黑板)、la mesa(桌子)、la silla(椅子)。常用短语:“¿Puedo ir al baño?”(我可以去洗手间吗?),“No entiendo”(我不明白)。

Family members: madre (mother), padre (father), hermano (brother), hermana (sister), abuelo (grandfather), abuela (grandmother), tío (uncle), tía (aunt), primo (cousin, male), prima (cousin, female). You can use ‘tener’ to talk about family: ‘Tengo dos hermanos’ (I have two brothers). For age, use ‘tener + number + años’: ‘Tengo doce años’ (I am twelve years old).

家庭成员:madre(母亲)、padre(父亲)、hermano(兄弟)、hermana(姐妹)、abuelo(祖父)、abuela(祖母)、tío(叔叔)、tía(阿姨)、primo(表/堂兄弟)、prima(表/堂姐妹)。你可以用“tener”来谈论家庭:“Tengo dos hermanos”(我有两个兄弟)。表达年龄用“tener + 数字 + años”:“Tengo doce años”(我十二岁)。

Colours are adjectives, so they change form. Main colours: rojo (red), azul (blue), verde (green), amarillo (yellow), negro (black), blanco (white), naranja (orange), morado (purple), gris (grey), marrón (brown). Colours that are also nouns like ‘naranja’ (orange) are invariable in gender: una camisa naranja. Compound colours like ‘azul oscuro’ also stay the same.

颜色是形容词,因此会发生词形变化。主要颜色:rojo(红)、azul(蓝)、verde(绿)、amarillo(黄)、negro(黑)、blanco(白)、naranja(橙)、morado(紫)、gris(灰)、marrón(棕)。本身也是名词的颜色如“naranja”(橙子/橙色)性不变:una camisa naranja。复合颜色如“azul oscuro”也不变。


8. Present Tense Regular -AR Verbs | 现在时规则 -AR 动词

The largest group of Spanish verbs ends in -ar. To conjugate a regular -AR verb, remove the -ar ending to find the stem, then add the appropriate endings. The pattern for the present tense is predictable and easy to learn.

西班牙语中最大的一类动词以 -ar 结尾。要变位一个规则 -AR 动词,先去掉 -ar 词尾得到词干,然后加上相应的词尾。现在时的变位模式是可预测的,也很容易掌握。

Subject Pronoun Ending for -AR verbs Hablar (to speak) example
yo -o hablo
-as hablas
él/ella/usted -a habla
nosotros/nosotras -amos hablamos
vosotros/vosotras -áis habláis
ellos/ellas/ustedes -an hablan

Other regular -AR verbs you will often use include: estudiar (to study), trabajar (to work), escuchar (to listen), practicar (to practise), caminar (to walk), cocinar (to cook), and dibujar (to draw). Examples: ‘Ella estudia español’ (She studies Spanish), ‘Nosotros trabajamos en la escuela’ (We work at school), ‘¿Tú escuchas música?’ (Do you listen to music?).

其他常用的规则 -AR 动词包括:estudiar(学习)、trabajar(工作)、escuchar(听)、practicar(练习)、caminar(走路)、cocinar(烹饪)和 dibujar(画画)。例句:“Ella estudia español”(她学习西班牙语),“Nosotros trabajamos en la escuela”(我们在学校工作),“¿Tú escuchas música?”(你听音乐吗?)。

Published by TutorHao | Year 7 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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