📚 Year 7 Cambridge Biology: Comprehensive Syllabus Breakdown | 七年级剑桥生物：课程大纲全面解析
Welcome to a complete breakdown of the Year 7 Cambridge Biology syllabus. This guide covers every key topic required for the Cambridge Lower Secondary Science curriculum, from the seven characteristics of life through to ecosystems and inheritance. You will explore how living things are built, how they function, and how they interact with their environment. Each concept is presented in clear English followed by its Chinese translation to support bilingual learning and help you master essential biological ideas.
欢迎阅读七年级剑桥生物课程大纲的全面解析。本指南涵盖了剑桥初中科学课程要求的每一个关键主题，从生命的七大特征一直到生态系统和遗传。你将探索生物如何构成、如何运作以及如何与环境互动。每个概念都以清晰的英文呈现，并附上中文翻译，以支持双语学习，帮助你掌握基本的生物学思想。
1. Characteristics of Life and Life Processes | 生命特征与生命过程
All living organisms share seven life processes, often summarised by the acronym MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. These processes distinguish living things from non‑living matter.
所有生物体都有七个生命过程，通常用首字母缩略词 MRS GREN 概括：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、生殖、排泄和营养。这些过程将生物与非生命物质区分开来。
Movement means the ability of an organism to change position or move parts of its body. Even plants show slow movements, such as growing towards light.
运动是指生物体改变位置或移动身体部位的能力。即使是植物也会表现出缓慢的运动，例如向光生长。
Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from food. It happens in every living cell and should not be confused with breathing, which is the physical intake of oxygen.
呼吸是一种从食物中释放能量的化学过程。它发生在每一个活细胞中，不应与呼吸动作混淆，后者是吸入氧气的物理过程。
Sensitivity allows organisms to detect and respond to changes in their surroundings. A plant bending towards sunlight demonstrates sensitivity.
感应使生物体能够探测并回应周围环境的变化。植物向阳光弯曲就展示了感应能力。
Growth is a permanent increase in size and mass. Animals grow to a certain size, while many plants keep growing throughout their lives.
生长是体积和质量的永久性增加。动物生长到一定大小，而许多植物则终生不断生长。
Reproduction ensures that a species can produce offspring and continue to exist. It can be sexual, involving two parents, or asexual, with only one parent.
生殖确保物种能够产生后代并延续存在。生殖可以是有性的，涉及两个亲本，也可以是无性的，仅有一个亲本。
Excretion removes waste products made by chemical reactions inside cells. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide, and the kidneys excrete urea.
排泄清除细胞内化学反应产生的废物。肺排出二氧化碳，肾脏排出尿素。
Nutrition is the intake of materials needed for energy, growth and repair. Plants make their own food by photosynthesis, while animals obtain food by consuming other organisms.
营养是摄入能量、生长和修复所需物质的过程。植物通过光合作用制造自己的食物，而动物则通过消耗其他生物获取食物。
2. Cells: The Basic Units of Life | 细胞：生命的基本单位
All living things are made of cells, the smallest units that can carry out life processes. A single‑celled organism such as a bacterium performs all its functions inside one cell, while multicellular organisms like humans have specialised cells.
所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是能够进行生命过程的最小单位。像细菌这样的单细胞生物在一个细胞内完成所有功能，而像人类这样的多细胞生物则拥有特化的细胞。
Animal cells typically contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and mitochondria. The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and stores genetic information, while mitochondria release energy through respiration.
动物细胞通常含有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和线粒体。细胞核控制细胞的活动并储存遗传信息，线粒体则通过呼吸作用释放能量。
Plant cells have all the structures found in animal cells plus a rigid cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis.
植物细胞除了拥有动物细胞中的所有结构外，还有坚硬的细胞壁、一个大的中央液泡和叶绿体。叶绿体含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。
To observe cells, scientists use light microscopes. A typical microscope magnifies objects enough to see nuclei and cell walls, but electron microscopes are needed to view tiny organelles like ribosomes.
为了观察细胞，科学家使用光学显微镜。一台典型的显微镜能够将物体放大到足以看到细胞核和细胞壁，但要观察核糖体等微小的细胞器则需要电子显微镜。
Understanding cell structure helps us explain how organisms function, from muscle contraction to leaf growth.
理解细胞结构有助于我们解释生物体如何运作，从肌肉收缩到叶片生长。
3. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统
In multicellular organisms, cells are organised into higher levels of structure. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together, such as muscle tissue in animals or xylem tissue in plants.
在多细胞生物中，细胞被组织成更高的结构层次。组织是一群相似细胞协同工作，例如动物的肌肉组织或植物的木质部组织。
An organ is made of different tissues that perform a specific function. The stomach is an organ containing muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue; together they help digest food.
器官由不同的组织构成，执行特定的功能。胃是一个器官，含有肌肉组织、腺体组织和上皮组织；它们共同帮助消化食物。
Organs work together in organ systems to carry out major life functions. The digestive system includes the mouth, stomach and intestines, all cooperating to break down food and absorb nutrients.
器官在器官系统中协同工作，以执行主要的生命功能。消化系统包括口腔、胃和肠道，它们共同合作分解食物并吸收营养。
Understanding this hierarchy — cells → tissues → organs → systems → organism — is fundamental to biology. It shows how complex life arises from simple building blocks.
理解这个层级——细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 系统 → 生物体——是生物学的基础。它展示了复杂的生命如何从简单的构建模块中产生。
4. Introduction to Classification | 生物分类入门
Classification helps biologists organise and understand the enormous diversity of life. Living things are grouped based on similarities in structure, cell type, and how they obtain food.
分类帮助生物学家整理和理解生命的巨大多样性。生物根据结构、细胞类型和获取食物方式的相似性进行分组。
The largest groups are called kingdoms. The five‑kingdom system includes Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes (bacteria) and Protoctists (mainly single‑celled organisms like amoeba).
最大的类别称为界。五界系统包括动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界（细菌）和原生生物界（主要是变形虫等单细胞生物）。
Within each kingdom, organisms are further sorted into phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The species is the most specific group — members of the same species can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
在每个界内，生物被进一步分类为门、纲、目、科、属和种。物种是最具体的群体——同一物种的成员可以交配并产生可育后代。
Each species is given a two‑part scientific name, such as Homo sapiens for humans. This binomial system uses Latin and ensures scientists worldwide use the same label for the same organism.
每个物种都有一个由两部分组成的学名，例如人类的学名是 Homo sapiens。这种双名法使用拉丁语，确保全世界的科学家对同一种生物使用相同的名称。
Classification keys, such as dichotomous keys, are practical tools that help identify unknown organisms by asking a series of yes‑or‑no questions.
分类检索表，例如二分式检索表，是通过提出一系列是非问题来鉴定未知生物的实用工具。
5. The Secrets of the Plant World | 植物世界的奥秘
Plants are essential to life on Earth because they perform photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy. The overall equation for photosynthesis is:
植物对地球上的生命至关重要，因为它们进行光合作用，将光能转化为化学能。光合作用的总方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light and chlorophyll, produce glucose and oxygen. Glucose is used for respiration or stored as starch in plants.
二氧化碳和水在光和叶绿素的存在下生成葡萄糖和氧气。葡萄糖用于呼吸作用，或以淀粉的形式储存在植物中。
The main organs of a flowering plant are roots, stems and leaves. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals; stems provide support and transport materials; leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis.
开花植物的主要器官是根、茎和叶。根固定植物并吸收水分和矿物质；茎提供支撑并运输物质；叶是光合作用的主要场所。
Inside the stem, two types of vascular tissue move substances: xylem carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots, and phloem transports sugars made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.
在茎的内部，两种维管组织运输物质：木质部将水和溶解的矿物质从根部向上运输，韧皮部则将叶片中制造的糖输送到植物的其他部位。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaf surface through tiny pores called stomata. It creates a pull that helps draw water up the xylem and cools the plant.
蒸腾作用是水蒸气通过叶片表面称为气孔的小孔散失的过程。它产生一股拉力，帮助将水向上吸入木质部，并冷却植物。
6. Human Body Systems | 人类的身体系统
The human body contains several organ systems that work together. The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
人体包含多个协同工作的器官系统。消化系统将大的食物分子分解成可溶解的小分子，以便被血液吸收。
Key organs along the digestive tract are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Enzymes speed up digestion, and villi in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption.
消化道的重点器官有口腔、食道、胃、小肠和大肠。酶加速消化，小肠的绒毛增加了吸收的表面积。
The respiratory system provides oxygen for respiration and removes carbon dioxide. Air travels through the trachea into the bronchi and then into millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
呼吸系统为呼吸作用提供氧气并排出二氧化碳。空气通过气管进入支气管，然后进入数百万个称为肺泡的微小气囊，气体交换就在这里发生。
The circulatory system, made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood, transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body. The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins and capillaries.
循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成，在全身运输氧气、营养物质、激素和废物。心脏将血液泵入动脉、静脉和毛细血管。
The skeletal and muscular systems support the body and enable movement. Muscles contract to pull on bones, which act as levers at joints.
骨骼和肌肉系统支撑身体并使运动成为可能。肌肉收缩拉动骨骼，骨骼在关节处充当杠杆。
7. Reproduction and Puberty | 生殖与青春期
Reproduction can be sexual, involving the fusion of male and female gametes, or asexual, in which a single parent produces genetically identical offspring. Most animals, including humans, reproduce sexually.
生殖可以是有性的，涉及雄性和雌性配子的融合，也可以是无性的，单个亲本产生遗传上相同的后代。包括人类在内的大多数动物进行有性生殖。
In humans, the male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes, while the female reproductive system releases eggs from the ovaries. Fertilisation occurs when a sperm cell meets an egg, usually in the fallopian tube.
在人类中，男性生殖系统在睾丸中产生精子，而女性生殖系统从卵巢中排出卵子。当精子与卵子相遇时便发生受精，通常发生在输卵管中。
Puberty is the stage of rapid growth and development when children’s bodies become capable of reproduction. It is triggered by hormones such as testosterone in males and oestrogen in females.
青春期是快速生长和发育的阶段，此时儿童的身体具备生殖能力。青春期由激素触发，例如男性的睾酮和女性的雌激素。
Physical changes during puberty include growth spurts, development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair in boys and breast development in girls. Emotional changes also occur.
青春期期间的生理变化包括生长突增、生殖器官的发育以及第二性征的出现，例如男孩的面部毛发和女孩的乳房发育。情感变化也会发生。
8. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
An ecosystem is made up of a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non‑living environment. A habitat is the specific place where an organism lives within the ecosystem.
生态系统由生物群落彼此之间以及与其非生物环境相互作用而构成。栖息地是生物在生态系统内的具体生活场所。
Feeding relationships can be shown as food chains and food webs. A food chain starts with a producer, usually a green plant that makes its own food by photosynthesis.
摄食关系可以用食物链和食物网表示。食物链始于生产者，通常是可以自行通过光合作用制造食物的绿色植物。
Primary consumers (herbivores) eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead matter, returning nutrients to the soil.
初级消费者（植食动物）吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，而分解者如细菌和真菌分解死亡的生物，使营养物质回归土壤。
Energy flows along a food chain, but much of it is lost as heat at each stage — only about 10 % passes to the next level. This explains why food chains rarely have more than four or five links.
能量沿着食物链流动，但大量能量在每一环节以热的形式散失——只有大约10 % 传递到下一营养级。这就解释了为什么食物链很少超过四五个环节。
Human activities such as deforestation and pollution can upset ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and harming food webs.
砍伐森林和污染等人类活动会破坏生态系统，减少生物多样性并损害食物网。
9. Variation and Adaptation | 变异与适应
No two individuals of the same species are exactly alike. Variation is the differences between living things and can be continuous, like height, or discontinuous, such as blood group.
同一物种的任意两个个体都不完全相同。变异是生物之间的差异，可以是连续的，如身高，也可以是不连续的，如血型。
Some variation is inherited from parents through genes, while some is caused by the environment. Eye colour is largely genetic, but a plant’s height can be affected by sunlight and water availability.
一些变异是通过基因从父母遗传而来的，而另一些则是由环境引起的。眼睛的颜色在很大程度上是遗传的，但植物的高度可能受阳光和水分供应的影响。
An adaptation is a feature that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Camels have wide, padded feet for walking on sand and can store fat in their humps to survive without food.
适应性是帮助生物在其环境中生存和繁殖的特征。骆驼拥有宽大带软垫的脚，便于在沙地上行走，并且可在驼峰中储存脂肪以便在没有食物时存活。
Over long periods, species can change through natural selection. Individuals with traits better suited to their habitat are more likely to survive and pass those traits to their offspring.
在漫长的时期内，物种可以通过自然选择发生变化。具有更适应栖息地的特征的个体更有可能存活下来，并将这些特征传递给后代。
10. Introduction to Inheritance | 遗传基础入门
Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring. Genes, located on chromosomes inside the nucleus, control characteristics like hair colour and leaf shape.
遗传是遗传信息从亲代传递给后代的过程。位于细胞核内染色体上的基因控制着诸如头发颜色和叶片形状等特征。
Chromosomes are made of DNA, and each human body cell contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) have only 23 single chromosomes, so the full number is restored at fertilisation.
染色体由 DNA 构成，每个人体细胞含有 46 条染色体，排列成 23 对。配子（精子和卵细胞）只有 23 条单一染色体，因此受精后染色体数目恢复完整。
Some alleles are dominant and mask the effect of recessive alleles. If a child inherits a dominant brown‑eye allele from one parent and a recessive blue‑eye allele from the other, they will have brown eyes.
一些等位基因是显性的，会掩盖隐性等位基因的作用。如果一个孩子从一方父母遗传了一个显性棕色眼睛等位基因，从另一方遗传了一个隐性蓝色眼睛等位基因，那么他将具有棕色眼睛。
Understanding inheritance helps us explain family resemblance and the principles used by plant and animal breeders to improve crops and livestock.
理解遗传有助于我们解释家族相似性，以及动植物育种者用来改良作物和牲畜的原则。
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