📚 Year 7 Cambridge Biology: Exam Techniques and Marking Criteria | Year 7 Cambridge 生物：答题技巧与评分标准
Doing well in Year 7 Cambridge Biology is not just about knowing the facts — it is also about understanding how to present your answers clearly and accurately to match what examiners expect. This guide will walk you through the key skills and marking criteria you need to succeed, from interpreting command words to designing simple experiments and reading mark schemes.
在 Year 7 Cambridge 生物考试中取得好成绩，不仅需要掌握知识点，还需要懂得如何清晰、准确地呈现答案，以符合阅卷人的期望。本指南将带你梳理答题所需的核心技巧与评分标准，从理解指令词到设计简单实验，再到解读评分方案，帮助你全面提升。
1. Understanding Command Words | 理解指令词
Command words tell you exactly what you need to do in a question. Words like state, describe, explain, name, and suggest each require a different style of answer. If you give a description when the question asks you to explain, you will lose marks even if your science is correct.
指令词会告诉你题目到底要求你做什么。比如 state（陈述）、describe（描述）、explain（解释）、name（命名）和 suggest（建议） 这些词，每一种都需要不同的答题方式。如果题目要求解释，而你只给出了描述，就算科学内容是对的，也会丢分。
For example, ‘State the function of the nucleus’ expects a short, factual answer: ‘It controls the cell.’ In contrast, ‘Explain why red blood cells have no nucleus’ needs a reason linked to function, such as ‘They do not have a nucleus so they can carry more haemoglobin to transport oxygen.’
例如，“陈述细胞核的功能”需要简短的事实性回答：“它控制细胞。” 而“解释为什么红细胞没有细胞核”则需要结合功能给出理由，比如“它们没有细胞核，这样可以携带更多的血红蛋白来运输氧气。”
2. Using Scientific Keywords | 使用科学关键词
Examiners look for precise scientific vocabulary. Instead of writing ‘the plant drinks water’, you should write ‘the root hair cells absorb water by osmosis’. Using correct terminology shows real understanding and often earns the marks directly specified in the mark scheme.
阅卷人看重准确的科学词汇。与其写“植物喝水”，不如写“根毛细胞通过渗透作用吸收水分”。使用正确的术语不仅体现了真正的理解，往往也直接命中了评分方案中规定的得分点。
Common Year 7 keywords include photosynthesis, respiration, diffusion, chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole, stomata, and fertilisation. Make sure you can spell them correctly — incorrect spelling of a key biological term can sometimes cost you the mark.
Year 7 常见的关键词包括 photosynthesis（光合作用）、respiration（呼吸作用）、diffusion（扩散）、chloroplast（叶绿体）、cell wall（细胞壁）、vacuole（液泡）、stomata（气孔） 和 fertilisation（受精）。务必确保拼写正确，因为关键生物学术语的拼写错误有时会直接导致丢分。
3. Answering ‘Describe’ Questions | 回答“描述”类问题
A ‘describe’ question asks you to say what you see or what happens — do not give reasons or explanations unless the question says ‘describe and explain’. For a graph, you might describe the trend: ‘As temperature increases, the number of bubbles produced per minute increases up to 30 °C, then decreases sharply.’
“描述”类问题要求你说出看到了什么或发生了什么——不要给出原因或解释，除非题目写着“describe and explain”（描述并解释）。对于图表，你可以描述趋势：“随着温度上升，每分钟产生的气泡数量先增加，到 30 °C 后急剧下降。”
When describing a diagram of a plant cell, you could write: ‘It has a rigid cell wall, a large central vacuole, and several green chloroplasts.’ Do not add ‘because it needs to do photosynthesis’ unless the command word requires explanation.
描述植物细胞示意图时，你可以写：“它有一个坚硬的细胞壁、一个大的中央液泡和几个绿色的叶绿体。” 除非指令词要求解释，否则不要加上“因为它需要进行光合作用”。
4. Answering ‘Explain’ Questions | 回答“解释”类问题
‘Explain’ questions are where you link cause and effect using scientific ideas. Use linking words like because, so that, therefore, and this means that. A good explanation often follows the structure: state what happens, then say why it happens using relevant science.
“解释”类问题需要你用科学概念把因果关系联系起来。使用 because（因为）、so that（以便）、therefore（因此） 和 this means that（这意味着） 等连接词。一个好的解释通常遵循这样的结构：先说出发生了什么，然后用相关的科学原理说明为什么发生。
For instance, ‘Explain why leaves are broad and flat.’ Model answer: ‘Leaves are broad and flat so that they have a large surface area to absorb more sunlight for photosynthesis.’ This clearly links the feature to its function.
例如，“解释为什么叶子又宽又平。” 参考答案：“叶子又宽又平，以便 拥有较大的表面积，从而吸收更多阳光进行光合作用。” 这就清晰地把结构特征和功能联系在了一起。
5. Interpreting Data and Graphs | 解读数据和图表
Data-based questions often ask you to read values from a table or graph, spot patterns, and sometimes compare two sets of results. Always give units when you quote a number (e.g. 25 °C, not just 25). When describing a pattern, mention the overall trend and any notable exceptions.
数据类题目常要求你从表格或图表中读取数值、发现模式，有时还要比较两组结果。引用数字时一定要带上单位（如 25 °C，而不只是 25）。描述规律时，要提到总体趋势和任何明显的例外情况。
If a question asks ‘Compare the heart rates during rest and exercise’, you must use comparative words like higher than, faster than, or similar to. Simply stating the two numbers without comparison will not earn full marks.
如果题目要求“比较休息时和运动时的心率”，你必须使用比较性词汇，如 higher than（高于）、faster than（快于） 或 similar to（与…相似）。只给出两个数字而不作比较是不能拿满分的。
6. Drawing and Labelling Diagrams | 绘制并标注图表
When asked to draw a biological specimen, use a sharp pencil and draw clear, continuous lines. Do not shade or colour unless the question specifically asks for it. All label lines should be drawn with a ruler and must touch the exact part you are naming.
如果要求绘制生物标本图，要用削尖的铅笔画出清晰、连续的线条。除非题目特别要求，否则不要上色或加阴影。所有标注线都必须用尺子画出，并且要准确触碰到你所标注的结构。
Labels themselves need to be accurate scientific names, such as ‘cell membrane’ rather than ‘skin’. In an animal cell, you might label nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane, but do not include a cell wall or chloroplast.
标注本身必须使用准确的科学名称，比如用“cell membrane”（细胞膜）而不是“skin”（皮）。在动物细胞图中，你可以标注细胞核、细胞质和细胞膜，但不要加上细胞壁或叶绿体。
7. Planning a Simple Experiment | 设计简单实验
You might be asked to plan an investigation, such as testing how light affects photosynthesis. A good plan includes: a clear aim, the independent variable (what you change), the dependent variable (what you measure), control variables (what you keep the same), a step-by-step method, and a statement on how to make it reliable.
有时你可能会被要求设计一个探究活动，比如测试光照如何影响光合作用。一个好的实验计划应包括：明确的目的、自变量（你改变的量）、因变量（你测量的量）、控制变量（你保持不变的量）、分步操作的方法，以及如何提高实验可靠性的说明。
For reliability, you could write: ‘Repeat the experiment three times and calculate an average’ or ‘Use a large sample of pondweed’. For safety, mention simple precautions like wearing goggles or washing hands after handling plants.
为了提高可靠性，你可以写：“重复实验三次并计算平均值”，或者“使用大量水草样本”。关于安全，可以提及简单的预防措施，例如佩戴护目镜，或在接触植物后洗手。
8. Calculating and Showing Work | 计算并展示步骤
Calculations in Year 7 Biology are usually straightforward — averages, percentages, or simple ratios. Always show your working even if the space looks small. If you write the correct answer but make no step visible, you risk losing marks if the answer is wrong, because method marks can be awarded.
Year 7 生物中的计算通常很简单——求平均值、百分比或简单的比率。即使作答空间看起来不大，也一定要写出计算步骤。如果你直接写了正确得数但没有展示过程，一旦答案出错就会失去所有分数，因为过程和步骤也有可能得分。
For example, ‘Calculate the mean number of bubbles: (12 + 15 + 18) ÷ 3 = 15 bubbles.’ Clearly show the sum and the division. Always include the units in your final answer.
例如，“计算气泡数量的平均值：(12 + 15 + 18) ÷ 3 = 15 个气泡。” 清楚地写出求和与除法的过程，并在最终答案中始终保留单位。
9. Avoiding Common Mistakes | 避免常见错误
Many students lose marks by not reading the question carefully enough. Check whether it asks for one answer or two, whether it asks you to name a structure or give its function, and whether the number of lines provided suggests a longer or shorter response.
很多学生因为审题不够仔细而丢分。要看清题目是要求一个答案还是两个，是要求命名一个结构还是说出它的功能，以及答题横线的数量是暗示较长的回答还是简短的。
Another common error is confusing breathing and respiration. Breathing is the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs, while respiration is the chemical process in cells that releases energy from glucose. Using them interchangeably will be marked incorrect.
另一个常见错误是混淆 breathing（呼吸） 和 respiration（呼吸作用）。Breathing 是指空气进出肺部的物理运动，而 respiration 是细胞内将葡萄糖中的能量释放出来的化学过程。混用这两个词会被判错误。
10. Mark Schemes and How Marks Are Awarded | 评分方案及给分方式
Mark schemes are the examiner’s guide to awarding points. They often list acceptable answers and show where marks are allocated — for example, one mark for stating a change and a second mark for giving a correct reason. Understanding this can help you structure your answers to pick up every possible mark.
评分方案是阅卷人给分的指南。它们通常会列出可接受的答案，并标明分数分配——比如，一分给陈述变化，另一分给正确的原因。理解这一点能帮助你组织答案，抓住每一个可能的得分点。
| Question Type 题型 | Typical Mark Distribution 常见给分方式 |
| State / Name 陈述/命名 | 1 mark for each correct term or short phrase (每个正确术语或短语得 1 分) |
| Describe 描述 | 1 mark for a relevant observation, plus 1 mark for a linked detail or trend (相关观察得 1 分，加 1 分给相关联的细节或趋势) |
| Explain 解释 | 1 mark for identifying a cause/effect, 1 mark for scientific reasoning (识别因果得 1 分，科学推理得 1 分) |
| Calculation 计算 | 1 mark for correct working, 1 mark for correct final answer with unit (正确步骤得 1 分，含单位的正确答案得 1 分) |
| Experiment plan 实验计划 | Marks for each element: aim, variables, method, reliability/control (各要素分别得分：目的、变量、方法、可靠性/控制) |
Always check how many marks a question carries and write enough relevant points. A 3-mark question needs at least three distinct pieces of correct information.
始终留意题目的分值，并写出足够多的相关要点。一道 3 分题至少需要三个不同的正确信息点。
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