📚 Year 7 Cambridge Engineering: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 7 剑桥工程：核心知识点梳理
Engineering is all about using scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and improve the world around us. In Year 7, you start to explore the core ideas that form the foundation of this exciting subject – from how forces act on structures to how simple circuits work. This guide brings together the essential knowledge points you will encounter in the Cambridge Lower Secondary Engineering curriculum, helping you build a solid understanding step by step.
工程学就是运用科学与数学原理来设计、建造并改善我们周围的世界。在 Year 7 阶段，你将开始探索构成这门激动人心学科根基的核心概念——从力如何作用于结构，到简单电路如何工作。这份指南汇集了你在剑桥初中工程课程中会遇到的核心知识点，帮助你一步步建立扎实的理解。
1. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
Every engineering project follows a structured approach known as the design process. It begins by identifying a problem or need, then researching and brainstorming possible solutions. After selecting the most promising idea, you create detailed drawings or models, build a prototype, test it, and evaluate the results. This cycle often repeats, with improvements made at each stage until the final product works as intended.
每个工程项目都遵循一个结构化的方法，称为设计流程。它从确定问题或需求开始，然后研究并头脑风暴可能的解决方案。选定最有前景的创意后，你会绘制详细图样或模型、制作原型、进行测试并评估结果。这个循环往往会重复，每个阶段都进行改进，直到最终产品按预期工作。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Choosing the right material is crucial in engineering. Materials can be classified into groups such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Each material has physical properties that make it suitable for different applications. For example, steel is strong and durable, making it ideal for bridges; plastics are lightweight and easily moulded, so they are used for casings and containers.
选择正确的材料对工程至关重要。材料可分为金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料等类别。每种材料都有使其适用于不同场景的物理性质。例如，钢材坚固耐用，非常适合建造桥梁；塑料轻便且易于成型，因此用于外壳和容器。
- Strength: ability to withstand force without breaking
- Hardness: resistance to scratching or indentation
- Flexibility: how much a material can bend before breaking
- Conductivity: ability to transfer heat or electricity
- Density: mass per unit volume
- 强度：承受外力而不断裂的能力
- 硬度：抵抗划痕或压痕的能力
- 柔性：材料在断裂前可弯曲的程度
- 导电/导热性：传递热量或电能的能力
- 密度：单位体积的质量
3. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Forces are pushes or pulls that can change the motion or shape of an object. In engineering, we analyse forces to ensure structures remain stable and safe. Key types of force include tension (pulling), compression (pushing), torsion (twisting), and shear (sliding). Structures like bridges and towers must distribute these forces efficiently to avoid collapse.
力是能改变物体运动或形状的推或拉的作用。在工程中，我们分析作用力以确保结构保持稳定与安全。主要的力类型包括拉力（拉伸）、压力（压缩）、扭力（扭转）和剪切力（滑移）。桥梁和塔架等结构必须有效地分散这些力，以免坍塌。
A simple way to understand equilibrium is through the equation: sum of upward forces = sum of downward forces when an object is not accelerating vertically.
理解平衡的一个简单方法是：当物体在垂直方向没有加速时，向上的合力 = 向下的合力。
Triangles are often used in frameworks because they are rigid shapes that do not easily change form under load. This is why you see many triangular trusses in bridges and roof designs.
三角形常用于框架结构，因为它是刚性形状，在负载下不易变形。这就是为什么在桥梁和屋顶设计中你会看到许多三角形桁架。
4. Simple Machines and Mechanisms | 简单机械与机构
Simple machines make work easier by multiplying the force applied or changing its direction. The six classical simple machines are the lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Mechanisms combine these to create useful movements, such as gears transferring rotational motion.
简单机械通过放大施加的力或改变力的方向使工作更轻松。六种经典简单机械是：杠杆、滑轮、轮轴、斜面、螺旋和楔子。机构将这些组合起来产生有用的运动，例如齿轮传递旋转运动。
For a lever, the principle of moments applies: Effort × effort arm = Load × load arm. The mechanical advantage (MA) is calculated as MA = Load ÷ Effort. If MA > 1, the lever multiplies force.
对于杠杆，力矩原理适用：动力 × 动力臂 = 阻力 × 阻力臂。机械效益 (MA) 计算为 MA = 阻力 ÷ 动力。如果 MA > 1，杠杆就放大了力。
5. Basic Electronics and Circuits | 基础电子与电路
An electronic circuit is a closed path that allows electric current to flow. Essential components include a power source (such as a battery), conductors (wires), a load (like a lamp or motor), and often a switch to control the flow. Understanding voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) is fundamental.
电子电路是允许电流流动的闭合路径。基本元件包括电源（如电池）、导体（导线）、负载（如灯泡或马达），通常还有一个开关来控制通断。理解电压 (V)、电流 (I) 和电阻 (R) 是基础。
Ohm’s Law relates these quantities: V = I × R. This means that the voltage across a resistor is equal to the current flowing through it multiplied by its resistance. We measure voltage in volts (V), current in amperes (A), and resistance in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律将这些量联系起来：V = I × R。这意味着电阻两端的电压等于流过它的电流乘以其电阻值。电压单位是伏特 (V)，电流单位是安培 (A)，电阻单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
Series circuits have only one path for current, so the same current flows through all components. Parallel circuits provide multiple paths, and the voltage across each branch is the same.
串联电路只有一条电流通路，因此所有元件流过相同的电流。并联电路提供多条通路，每个分支两端的电压相同。
6. Engineering Drawing and Technical Sketching | 工程制图与技术草图
Clear communication of ideas is essential, and engineers use technical drawings to convey precise information. Isometric drawing shows a 3D view where all vertical lines remain vertical, and horizontal lines are drawn at 30° angles. Orthographic projection uses multiple 2D views (front, side, and plan) to fully describe an object’s shape and dimensions.
清晰的思路传达很重要，工程师使用技术图样来传递精确信息。等轴测图展示三维视图，所有竖直线保持竖直，水平线以 30° 角绘制。正投影图则使用多个二维视图（前视图、侧视图和俯视图）来完整描述物体的形状和尺寸。
Scale drawings allow you to represent large objects on paper. For example, a scale of 1:10 means that 1 cm on paper represents 10 cm in real life. Dimension lines and annotations must be neat and follow standard conventions so that anyone can understand the design.
比例图让你能在纸上表现大型物体。例如，比例 1:10 表示纸上 1 厘米代表实际 10 厘米。尺寸线和注释必须整洁并遵循标准规范，以便任何人都能看懂设计。
7. Health and Safety in the Workshop | 车间安全与健康
Working safely is the number one rule in any engineering environment. Before using tools or machinery, you must understand potential hazards and how to control them. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety goggles, aprons, and sturdy shoes. Long hair should be tied back, and loose clothing secured.
在任何工程环境中，安全工作都是头号准则。在使用工具或机器之前，必须了解潜在危险及其控制措施。始终穿戴适当的个人防护装备 (PPE)，如护目镜、围裙和结实的鞋子。长发应束起，宽松衣物要扎好。
- Keep your workspace tidy and free of obstacles
- Never operate a machine without proper training
- Report all accidents and damaged equipment immediately
- Use tools only for their intended purpose
- 保持工作区域整洁，无杂物阻碍
- 未经适当训练，不得操作任何机器
- 所有事故和损坏的设备应立即报告
- 只用工具进行其设计之内的操作
8. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Accurate measurement is the backbone of engineering. The International System of Units (SI) provides standard quantities such as metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, and second (s) for time. Engineers also commonly use millimetres (mm) for fine work, and units like Newton (N) for force.
精确测量是工程的基石。国际单位制 (SI) 提供了标准量，如长度用米 (m)，质量用千克 (kg)，时间用秒 (s)。工程师还常用毫米 (mm) 进行精细工作，以及用牛顿 (N) 作为力的单位。
Tools such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometres allow measurements with increasing precision. Understanding tolerance is also important – no measurement is perfect, and a specified tolerance tells us the acceptable range (e.g. 50 mm ± 0.5 mm).
直尺、游标卡尺和千分尺等工具允许越来越高的测量精度。理解公差也很重要——没有完美的测量，给定的公差说明了可接受范围（如 50 mm ± 0.5 mm）。
9. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in many forms, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and electrical. In engineering, we often convert energy from one form to another to perform a useful task. For example, a wind turbine converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical energy.
能量是做功的能力。它以多种形式存在，如动能、势能、热能和电能。在工程中，我们经常将能量从一种形式转换为另一种以完成有用任务。例如，风力涡轮机将风的动能转换为电能。
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance: Work = Force × Distance (W = F × d). Power is the rate of doing work: Power = Work ÷ Time (P = W ÷ t). The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
当力使物体移动一段距离时，就做了功：功 = 力 × 距离 (W = F × d)。功率是做功的速率：功率 = 功 ÷ 时间 (P = W ÷ t)。功率的国际单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
10. Sustainability and the Environment | 可持续性与环境
Modern engineering must consider the environmental impact of products and processes. Sustainability means meeting our needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Engineers focus on using renewable materials, reducing waste, designing for recyclability, and improving energy efficiency.
现代工程必须考虑产品与过程对环境的影响。可持续性意味着在满足我们需求的同时，不损害后代满足他们需求的能力。工程师专注于使用可再生材料、减少废物、设计可回收性以及提高能源效率。
The concept of the ‘6 Rs’ – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, and Rethink – guides sustainable design choices. For instance, choosing a bamboo handle for a tool instead of plastic reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports a circular economy.
“6R”概念——减少使用、重复利用、回收再生、维修、拒绝使用和重新思考——指导着可持续的设计选择。例如，为工具选择竹制把手而不是塑料，可减少对化石燃料的依赖，并支持循环经济。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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