Year 7 Cambridge Engineering: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 剑桥工程：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 Cambridge Engineering: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 剑桥工程：核心知识点梳理

Engineering is all about solving problems using science, maths, and creativity. This article reviews the core knowledge areas for Year 7 Cambridge Engineering, helping you build a strong foundation.

工程学就是运用科学、数学和创造力来解决问题。本文梳理了 Year 7 剑桥工程学科的核心知识点，帮助你打下坚实的基础。

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1. What Is Engineering? The Design Cycle | 什么是工程学？设计循环

Engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and improve structures, machines, and systems. The engineering design cycle is a systematic process that guides engineers from identifying a problem to delivering a working solution.

工程学是应用科学和数学原理来设计、建造和改进结构、机器和系统的一门学科。工程设计循环是一个系统化的过程，引导工程师从发现问题到交付可行的解决方案。

The design cycle typically involves these stages: Ask (define the problem and constraints), Imagine (brainstorm ideas), Plan (select the best idea and draw designs), Create (build a prototype), and Improve (test, evaluate, and refine).

设计循环通常包含以下阶段：提问（定义问题和限制条件）、构思（头脑风暴各种想法）、计划（选择最佳方案并绘制设计图）、创造（制作原型）和改进（测试、评估并优化）。

• Ask: What is the need? What are the specifications? | 提问：需求是什么？规格有哪些？
• Imagine: Generate multiple possible solutions. | 构思：生成多种可能的解决方案。
• Plan: Choose the most feasible design and prepare technical drawings. | 计划：选择最可行的设计并准备技术图纸。
• Create: Build a working model or prototype using suitable materials and tools. | 创造：使用合适的材料和工具建造工作模型或原型。
• Improve: Test against criteria, gather feedback, and make changes. | 改进：根据标准进行测试、收集反馈并进行修改。

This iterative cycle is used in all fields of engineering, from software to civil engineering.

这种迭代循环应用于从软件到土木工程的所有工程领域。

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2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性

Engineers choose materials based on their properties. Common categories include metals, plastics, wood, ceramics, and composites. Each material has physical and mechanical properties that make it suitable for specific applications.

工程师根据材料的特性选择材料。常见类别包括金属、塑料、木材、陶瓷和复合材料。每种材料都有使其适用于特定用途的物理和机械特性。

Key properties to consider are strength, hardness, toughness, flexibility, conductivity, and density. For example, steel is strong and hard, making it ideal for building frames, while copper has excellent electrical conductivity, making it perfect for wires.

需要考虑的关键特性有强度、硬度、韧性、柔韧性、导电性和密度。例如，钢材坚固且坚硬，非常适合建筑框架；而铜具有优良的导电性，非常适合制作电线。

Material | 材料	Properties | 特性	Typical Use | 典型用途
Aluminium | 铝	Lightweight, corrosion-resistant | 轻质、耐腐蚀	Aircraft bodies, cans | 飞机机身、易拉罐
PVC (plastic) | 聚氯乙烯（塑料）	Flexible, waterproof, insulator | 柔韧、防水、绝缘	Pipes, cable insulation | 管道、电缆绝缘层
Pine wood | 松木	Easy to shape, renewable | 易加工、可再生	Furniture, construction | 家具、建筑
Glass | 玻璃	Hard, transparent, brittle | 坚硬、透明、易碎	Windows, lenses | 窗户、透镜

Understanding material properties helps engineers predict how a product will perform under different conditions.

了解材料特性有助于工程师预测产品在不同条件下的表现。

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3. Forces and Simple Machines | 力与简单机械

A force is a push or pull that can change an object’s motion or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N). Common types include gravity, friction, tension, and applied force.

力是能改变物体运动或形状的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿（N）。常见的力包括重力、摩擦力、张力和施加力。

Simple machines make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of a force. The six classical simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.

简单机械通过改变力的方向或大小使工作更轻松。六种经典简单机械分别是杠杆、轮轴、滑轮、斜面、楔子和螺旋。

• Lever | 杠杆：A rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum to lift loads (e.g., seesaw, crowbar). | 在支点上转动的刚性杆，用于举起重物（如跷跷板、撬棍）。
• Pulley | 滑轮：A wheel with a rope that changes the direction of force (e.g., flagpole, crane). | 带绳索的轮子，可改变力的方向（如旗杆、起重机）。
• Inclined plane | 斜面：A sloping surface that reduces the effort needed to raise an object (e.g., ramp). | 倾斜表面，减少提升物体所需的力（如坡道）。

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force. Simple machines trade force for distance or vice versa.

机械效益是输出力与输入力的比值。简单机械以力换距离或以距离换力。

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4. Structural Stability and Shapes | 结构稳定性与形状

Structures must be stable enough to withstand loads without collapsing. Stability depends on the shape, material, base area, and the way forces are distributed.

结构必须足够稳定，能够承受载荷而不倒塌。稳定性取决于形状、材料、底面积以及力的分布方式。

Triangles are the strongest geometric shape because they cannot be deformed without changing the length of their sides. This is why triangles are widely used in bridges, towers, and roof trusses.

三角形是最强的几何形状，因为在不改变边长的情况下它不会变形。这就是三角形广泛用于桥梁、塔架和屋架的原因。

A low centre of gravity and a wide base also increase stability. For example, a pyramid has a wide base and a low centre of gravity, making it very stable.

低重心和宽大的底座也能增加稳定性。例如，金字塔底宽、重心低，因此非常稳定。

Engineers use struts and ties to manage tension and compression forces in frameworks. A strut resists compression, while a tie resists tension.

工程师使用支柱和拉杆来管理框架中的张力和压力。支柱抵抗压缩力，而拉杆抵抗拉伸力。

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5. Introduction to Electronics: Circuits | 电子学入门：电路

An electrical circuit is a complete, closed path through which electric current flows. A basic circuit must include a power source (such as a battery), a load (such as a lamp or motor), and connecting wires.

电路是电流流动的完整闭合路径。基本电路必须包含电源（如电池）、负载（如灯泡或电机）和连接导线。

Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the electrical push, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current flow and is measured in ohms (Ω).

电流（I）是电荷的流动，以安培（A）为单位。电压（V）是电的推力，以伏特（V）为单位。电阻（R）阻碍电流流动，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。

Ohm’s Law: I = V ÷ R

欧姆定律：I = V ÷ R

Circuits can be connected in series or in parallel. In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end; if one bulb breaks, all go out. In a parallel circuit, components have separate branches; if one bulb fails, the others remain on.

电路可以串联或并联。在串联电路中，元件首尾相连；如果一个灯泡损坏，所有灯泡都熄灭。在并联电路中，元件有独立支路；如果一个灯泡损坏，其他灯泡仍然亮着。

Common electronic components include switches, LEDs, resistors, buzzers, and motors. Engineers use circuit diagrams with standard symbols to represent these components.

常见的电子元件包括开关、发光二极管、电阻器、蜂鸣器和电机。工程师使用标准符号的电路图来代表这些元件。

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6. Energy Sources and Power | 能源与动力

Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in many forms, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, and light energy. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted, measured in watts (W).

能量是做功的能力。它有许多形式，如动能、势能、热能、化学能、电能和光能。功率是能量转移或转换的速率，以瓦特（W）为单位。

Power = Energy ÷ Time or P = E ÷ t

功率 = 能量 ÷ 时间 或 P = E ÷ t

Energy sources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, and geothermal energy. Non-renewable sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear fuels.

能源分为可再生能源和不可再生能源。可再生能源包括太阳能、风能、水力发电、潮汐能和地热能。不可再生能源包括煤、石油、天然气和核燃料。

Engineering systems often convert energy from one form to another. For example, a wind turbine converts kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy.

工程系统常常将能量从一种形式转换为另一种形式。例如，风力发电机将风的动能转化为电能。

Sustainability is a major focus in modern engineering, driving the development of efficient devices and clean energy technologies.

可持续发展是现代工程的一大焦点，推动着高效设备和清洁能源技术的发展。

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7. Technical Drawing and CAD | 技术制图与CAD

Technical drawing is a precise method of communicating design ideas using lines, symbols, and annotations. Common types include orthographic projection (2D views: front, side, top) and isometric drawing (simulated 3D).

技术制图是一种使用线条、符号和注释来精确传达设计想法的方法。常见类型包括正交投影（二维视图：前视图、侧视图、俯视图）和等轴测图（模拟三维图）。

Orthographic drawings show the exact shape and dimensions of an object from multiple viewpoints. Isometric drawings give a 3D-like appearance on 2D paper using 30-degree angles.

正交图从多个视点显示物体的精确形状和尺寸。等轴测图则利用30度角在二维纸上呈现出类似三维的外观。

CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software allows engineers to create, modify, and analyse designs digitally. Popular CAD tools include AutoCAD, Fusion 360, and SketchUp. CAD models can be tested for stress, fit, and motion before building a physical prototype.

CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件使工程师能够以数字方式创建、修改和分析设计。常用的CAD工具包括AutoCAD、Fusion 360和SketchUp。在制造物理原型之前，可以测试CAD模型的应力、配合和运动。

Key conventions in technical drawing include dimension lines, hidden lines (dashed), and title blocks showing scale, material, and date.

技术制图中的关键规范包括尺寸线、隐藏线（虚线）以及标明比例、材料和日期的标题栏。

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8. Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Safety | 制造过程与车间安全

Manufacturing transforms raw materials into finished products. Common processes at Year 7 level include measuring, marking out, cutting, shaping, joining, and finishing.

制造将原材料转变为成品。在 Year 7 阶段，常见的工艺包括测量、画线、切割、塑形、连接和表面处理。

Workshop tools such as saws, files, drills, and clamps must be used correctly and safely. Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE): safety goggles, aprons, and closed shoes.

必须正确且安全地使用锯、锉、钻、夹具等车间工具。一定要穿戴好个人防护装备（PPE）：护目镜、工作围裙和不露脚趾的鞋子。

Marking out is the first step in making an accurate part. Engineers use rulers, try squares, dividers, and scribers to transfer measurements from a drawing onto the material.

画线是制作精确零件的第一个步骤。工程师使用直尺、直角尺、分规和划线针将图纸上的尺寸转移到材料上。

Sustainable manufacturing encourages reducing waste, recycling scrap material, and using energy-efficient processes.

可持续制造鼓励减少浪费、回收废料并使用节能工艺。

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9. Control Systems | 控制系统

A control system manages, commands, or regulates the behaviour of other devices. Even a simple thermostat controlling a heater is a control system. They have three main parts: input, process, and output.

控制系统管理、指挥或调节其他设备的行为。即便是控制暖气的简单恒温器也是一个控制系统。它们有三个主要部分：输入、处理和输出。

• Input (sensor): Detects physical quantities such as temperature, light, or movement. | 输入（传感器）：检测温度、光线或运动等物理量。
• Process (controller): Compares the input with a set value and decides what action to take. This can be a microcontroller or a simple electrical circuit. | 处理（控制器）：将输入与设定值进行比较并决定采取什么动作。这可以是一个微控制器或简单的电路。
• Output (actuator): Performs the action, such as turning on a motor, lighting an LED, or sounding a buzzer. | 输出（执行器）：执行动作，如启动电机、点亮LED或触发蜂鸣器。

Open-loop systems operate without feedback (like a toaster that runs for a set time). Closed-loop systems use feedback to adjust the output for accuracy (like a fridge that switches on when it gets too warm).

开环系统在没有反馈的情况下运行（比如烤面包机按设定时间工作）。闭环系统利用反馈来调整输出以达到精确控制（比如冰箱在温度过高时启动制冷）。

Programming microcontrollers like the BBC micro:bit or Arduino introduces early coding skills and logical thinking essential for automation.

对BBC micro:bit或Arduino等微控制器进行编程，可以培养自动化所必需的早期编程技能和逻辑思维。

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10. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程中的可持续发展

Sustainable engineering means designing products and systems that meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It considers environmental, social, and economic impacts.

可持续工程意味着设计产品与系统时，既能满足当前需求，又不损害子孙后代满足其需求的能力。它考虑了环境、社会和经济影响。

The 6Rs of sustainability help guide engineering decisions: Reduce (use less material), Reuse (use products again), Recycle (turn waste into new materials), Rethink (redesign to be more eco-friendly), Refuse (avoid harmful materials), and Repair (fix instead of replace).

可持续发展的6R原则有助于指导工程决策：减量（减少材料用量）、再利用（重复使用产品）、回收（将废物转化为新材料）、反思（重新设计以更环保）、拒绝（避免有害材料）和修复（修理而非替换）。

Life cycle assessment (LCA) examines a product’s environmental impact from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use, and disposal. Engineers use LCA to choose materials and processes with lower carbon footprints.

生命周期评估（LCA）考察产品从原材料采集、制造、使用到处置的环境影响。工程师利用LCA选择碳足迹更低的材料和工艺。

Examples of sustainable engineering include designing energy-efficient buildings, developing electric vehicles, and creating packaging that decomposes naturally.

可持续工程的实例包括设计节能建筑、开发电动汽车以及制造可自然降解的包装。

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Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com

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