Year 7 Cambridge Geography: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide | 剑桥Year 7地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 Cambridge Geography: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide | 剑桥Year 7地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key geographical vocabulary is essential for Year 7 students following the Cambridge curriculum. This guide breaks down the most important terms across all core topics, from map skills to environmental management, giving you clear definitions in English and Chinese so you can build confidence and fluency in both languages.

掌握关键的地理词汇是学习剑桥Year 7地理课程的基础。这份指南涵盖了从地图技能到环境管理等所有核心主题中最重要的术语，提供清晰的中英双语定义，帮助你用两种语言建立自信、提升表达的流利度。

1. Map Skills | 地图技能

Contour line – A line on a map joining points of equal height above sea level. Contours that are close together indicate a steep slope, while widely spaced contours show a gentle slope.

等高线 – 地图上连接海拔相同点的线。等高线密集表示陡坡，等高线稀疏则表示缓坡。

Grid reference – A set of numbers used to locate a specific place on a map. A four-figure grid reference identifies a grid square, while a six‑figure reference gives a precise point within that square.

网格坐标 – 用于在地图上定位特定地点的一组数字。四位坐标确定一个网格方格，六位坐标则给出该方格内的精确位置。

Scale – The relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground, shown as a ratio or a linear bar. A scale of 1:50 000 means 1 cm on the map represents 50 000 cm (500 m) in reality.

比例尺 – 地图上的距离与实地对应距离之间的关系，通常以比例或线段标尺表示。1:50 000 的比例尺意味着地图上 1 厘米代表实地 50 000 厘米（500 米）。

Legend (key) – A box on the map that explains the meaning of symbols and colours used. Understanding the legend is the first step to reading any map correctly.

图例 – 地图上用于解释所使用符号和颜色含义的说明框。读懂图例是正确阅读任何地图的第一步。

Compass rose – A diagram on a map showing the directions – north, south, east and west, and often the intermediate points. It allows the user to orient the map accurately.

罗盘玫瑰 – 地图上指示方向的图形，标出北、南、东、西以及常见的中间方向，帮助用户准确地给地图定向。

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2. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害

Tectonic plate – A huge, rigid slab of the Earth’s lithosphere. The movement of these plates causes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the formation of mountain ranges.

构造板块 – 地球岩石圈中巨大而坚硬的板块。板块的运动引发地震、火山喷发并形成山脉。

Earthquake – A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy when rocks along a fault slip. The point inside the Earth where the slip starts is the focus; the point directly above on the surface is the epicentre.

地震 – 因地壳断层处岩石滑动释放能量而引起的地面突然震动。滑动起始点在地球内部称为震源，其正上方的地表点叫做震中。

Volcano – An opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock (magma), ash and gases erupt. Volcanoes can be shield, composite or cinder cone shapes.

火山 – 地壳上的开口，岩浆、火山灰和气体由此喷出。火山可分为盾状火山、复合火山和火山渣锥等类型。

Magma – Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface. When magma reaches the surface it is called lava. Its temperature and silica content determine the type of eruption.

岩浆 – 地表以下的熔融岩石。一旦岩浆到达地表就称为熔岩。岩浆的温度和二氧化硅含量决定了喷发的类型。

Seismograph – An instrument that detects and records ground movements during an earthquake. The recorded trace, or seismogram, helps scientists measure the quake’s magnitude.

地震仪 – 探测并记录地震时地面运动的仪器。记录下来的迹线即地震图，能帮助科学家测定地震的震级。

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3. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Precipitation – Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, including rain, snow, sleet and hail. It is a major component of the water cycle.

降水 – 从大气降落到地表的任何形式的水，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹。它是水循环的重要组成部分。

Climate graph – A combined bar and line graph showing average monthly temperature (line) and precipitation (bars) for a location. It is used to identify climate patterns and seasons.

气候图 – 一种柱线结合的图表，显示某地月平均气温（折线）和降水量（柱状），用来识别气候类型与季节变化。

Pressure system – An area of high or low atmospheric pressure. High pressure usually brings settled, clear weather, while low pressure is associated with cloud, wind and rain.

气压系统 – 高气压或低气压的区域。高压通常带来稳定晴朗的天气，低压则与多云、大风和降雨相伴。

Weather front – The boundary between two air masses of different temperatures. A cold front occurs when cold air pushes under warm air, often causing heavy rain and a temperature drop.

锋面 – 两种不同温度气团之间的边界。冷锋是冷空气推进到暖空气下方形成的，常带来强降水和降温。

Microclimate – The climate of a small area that differs from the surrounding region, caused by factors such as shelter, aspect or surface materials. A school garden can have its own microclimate.

小气候 – 与周围地区不同的小范围气候，由遮蔽条件、朝向或地表材料等因素造成。学校花园就可能拥有自己的小气候。

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4. Rivers and Coasts | 河流与海岸

Drainage basin – The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. The boundary of a drainage basin is called the watershed. All precipitation falling within this area eventually reaches the main river.

流域 – 河流及其支流排水的区域。流域的边界叫做分水岭。降落在此区域内的所有降水最终都将汇入干流。

Erosion – The wearing away and removal of rock and soil by natural agents such as running water, ice, wind and waves. In rivers, erosion creates valleys and gorges; at the coast, it forms cliffs and caves.

侵蚀 – 流水、冰川、风和波浪等自然营力对岩石和土壤的磨损与搬运。河流侵蚀形成峡谷和谷地；海岸侵蚀则塑造悬崖和洞穴。

Deposition – The laying down of material that has been eroded and transported. This occurs when a river loses energy or a wave slows down, building up features like floodplains and beaches.

沉积 – 被侵蚀和搬运的物质发生堆积的过程。当河流能量减弱或波浪减速时便会发生沉积，形成河漫滩、海滩等地貌。

Meander – A large bend in a river channel. Water flows faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion, and slower on the inside, where deposition forms a point bar.

曲流 – 河道中大的弯曲段。水流在弯道外侧流速较快，发生侵蚀；内侧流速较慢，沉积形成凸岸沙坝。

Longshore drift – The movement of sand and pebbles along a coastline by waves approaching at an angle. It is the main process shaping beaches and spits.

沿岸漂移 – 波浪以一定角度逼近海岸时，带动沙子和卵石沿海岸线移动的过程。这是塑造海滩和沙嘴的主要过程。

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5. Population and Settlement | 人口与定居

Population density – The number of people living in a given area, usually expressed per square kilometre. It is calculated by dividing total population by land area, and helps compare how crowded different places are.

人口密度 – 单位面积上居住的人口数量，通常用每平方公里人数表示。通过总人口除以土地面积计算，用于比较不同地区的拥挤程度。

Migration – The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily. Push factors drive people out; pull factors attract them to a new location.

迁移 – 人们为了永久或暂时定居而从一个地方移动到另一个地方。推力因素促使人们离开，拉力因素则吸引他们前往新地点。

Urbanisation – The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It happens as people move from rural to urban areas, often in search of jobs and better services.

城市化 – 居住于城镇和都市的人口比例上升的过程。人们常为了寻找工作和更好的服务而从农村迁移至城市，从而导致城市化。

Site – The actual land on which a settlement is built. Important site factors include flat land, access to fresh water and defence. The term ‘site’ focuses on the physical characteristics of the location.

城址 – 聚落实际建造的土地。重要的城址因素包括平坦的地形、淡水资源和防御条件。“城址”强调的是地点的自然特征。

Situation – The location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding features, such as other towns, transport routes or rivers. A settlement with a good situation can grow into a successful market centre.

相对位置 – 一个聚落相对于周围地物（如其他城镇、交通线或河流）的位置。拥有优越相对位置的聚落能够发展成繁荣的市场中心。

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6. Economic Activities | 经济活动

Primary industry – An economic activity that extracts raw materials directly from the earth or sea, such as farming, fishing, mining and forestry. These industries form the base of many economies.

第一产业 – 直接从土地或海洋获取原材料的经济活动，如农业、渔业、采矿业和林业。这些产业是许多经济体发展的基础。

Secondary industry – The processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods. Examples include car assembly, textile production and food processing. It adds value to primary products.

第二产业 – 将原材料加工制造为成品的产业，如汽车装配、纺织和食品加工。它使初级产品的价值得到提升。

Tertiary industry – The provision of services rather than goods. This includes retail, transport, education, healthcare and tourism. In many countries, the tertiary sector employs the largest share of workers.

第三产业 – 提供服务而非商品的产业，包括零售、交通、教育、医疗和旅游。在许多国家，第三产业吸纳的劳动力占比最高。

Tourism – The business of providing services for people on holiday. Tourism can boost a local economy, but it also brings challenges like congestion and environmental pressure. It is a major tertiary activity worldwide.

旅游业 – 为度假者提供服务的产业。旅游业可以提振地方经济，但也会带来拥挤和环境压力等挑战。它是全球重要的第三产业活动。

Sustainable development – Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In geography, it means balancing economic growth with social wellbeing and environmental protection.

可持续发展 – 既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力的发展。在地理学中，这意味着在经济增长、社会福祉和环境保护之间取得平衡。

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7. Environmental Management | 环境管理

Ecosystem – A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non‑living environment (soil, water, air). A pond, a forest and even a desert are all examples of ecosystems.

生态系统 – 生物群落与其周围非生物环境（土壤、水、空气）相互作用形成的整体。池塘、森林甚至沙漠都是生态系统的例子。

Deforestation – The large‑scale removal of trees from a forest, often to clear land for farming, logging or urban expansion. It can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

森林砍伐 – 大规模清除森林树木的行为，通常是为了腾出土地进行农耕、伐木或城市扩张。它能导致水土流失、生物多样性丧失和大气二氧化碳浓度增加。

Pollution – The introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Air pollution (from factories and vehicles), water pollution (from chemicals and sewage) and land pollution (from waste) all damage natural systems.

污染 – 有害物质进入环境的过程。空气污染（来自工厂和车辆）、水污染（来自化学品和污水）以及土地污染（来自废弃物）都会破坏自然系统。

Conservation – The careful management and protection of natural resources and the environment. It includes measures like creating national parks, protecting wildlife and reducing waste.

保护 – 对自然资源和环境进行细致的管理和保护，包括建立国家公园、保护野生动植物和减少废物等措施。

Renewable energy – Energy from sources that are not depleted when used, such as sunlight, wind, water and geothermal heat. Switching to renewable energy is a key strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

可再生能源 – 来源于使用后不会耗尽的资源，如阳光、风、水和地热。转向可再生能源是减少温室气体排放的关键策略。

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8. Fieldwork Techniques | 野外考察技术

Hypothesis – A testable statement or prediction made before fieldwork. For example, ‘The velocity of the river increases downstream.’ Fieldwork data is collected to prove or disprove the hypothesis.

假设 – 在野外考察前提出的可验证陈述或预测。例如“河流流速随下游方向增加”。通过收集野外考察数据来证明或推翻假设。

Data collection – The systematic gathering of information during fieldwork. Data can be quantitative (numbers, measurements) or qualitative (observations, interviews). Accurate recording is vital for reliable results.

数据收集 – 在野外考察中系统地采集信息。数据可以是定量的（数字、测量值）或定性的（观察、访谈）。准确记录是获得可靠结果的关键。

Sample – A small part of something that is examined to give information about the whole. In geography, students might take a water sample from a river or use a quadrat to sample vegetation in a field.

样本 – 为获得整体信息而进行检验的一小部分。在地理考察中，学生可能从河中采集水样，或使用样方在田间抽取植被样本。

Anemometer – An instrument used to measure wind speed. It commonly has three or four small cups that rotate, with the speed of rotation being converted into a reading in metres per second or kilometres per hour.

风速计 – 测量风速的仪器。常见的有三个或四个小风杯旋转，通过转速换算出以米每秒或公里每小时为单位的风速值。

Flow meter – A device used to measure the velocity of water in a river or stream. A simple flow meter uses an impeller that spins in the current; more advanced versions display the speed digitally.

流速仪 – 测量河流或溪流中水流速度的设备。简单的流速仪使用水流推动叶轮旋转；更先进的型号能直接数码显示流速。

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Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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