📚 Year 7 Cambridge Law: Vocabulary Memory Guide | 剑桥七年级法律：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the fascinating world of law! In Year 7 Cambridge Law, you will encounter many new legal terms that may seem difficult at first. However, with the right memory techniques, you can remember them easily and use them confidently in class discussions, homework, and exams. This guide will help you break down key legal vocabulary, understand what each term means, and learn simple tricks to keep them in your long‑term memory. We will explore words like crime, civil law, jury, and justice, and connect them to everyday life so that they become part of your thinking.
欢迎来到迷人的法律世界！在剑桥七年级法律课程中，你会遇到许多乍看之下很难的法律术语。但只要掌握正确的记忆方法，你就能轻松记住它们，并自信地用于课堂讨论、作业和考试中。本指南将帮助你拆解关键的法律词汇，理解每个术语的含义，并学会一些简单的小技巧，让它们留存在你的长期记忆中。我们将一起探索像犯罪、民法、陪审团和正义这样的词语，并将它们与日常生活联系起来，让它们成为你思维的一部分。
1. Law and Rule | 法律与规则
A law is a formal regulation made by a government that applies to everyone in a country, and breaking it can lead to punishment by the state. A rule, on the other hand, is a guideline set by a smaller group – such as a school or a family – that applies only within that setting, with consequences decided by the group. Think of law as a big umbrella: every person under the umbrella must follow it, while a rule is like a small umbrella only for your classroom.
法律是由政府制定的正式规定，适用于一国之中的每一个人，违反法律会受到国家的惩罚。而规则是由较小的群体（比如学校或家庭）制定的准则，仅在该范围内有效，后果由该群体决定。可以把法律想象成一把大伞：伞下的每一个人都必须遵守它，而规则就像只为你教室准备的一把小伞。
- Memory trick: Law = Land (whole country). Rule = Room (specific place).
- 记忆窍门： Law（法律）联想到 Land（国家），Rule（规则）联想到 Room（房间）。
2. Criminal and Civil Law | 刑法与民法
Criminal law deals with actions that are considered offences against society, such as theft or assault. The state prosecutes the wrongdoer, and the outcome can be a fine or imprisonment. Civil law resolves disputes between individuals or organisations, such as disagreements over contracts or personal injury. In civil cases, the victim (the claimant) sues the defendant, and the remedy is usually compensation, not punishment.
刑法处理被视为危害社会的行为，例如盗窃或袭击。国家会起诉违法者，结果可能是罚款或监禁。民法解决个人或组织之间的纠纷，比如合同纠纷或人身伤害。在民事案件中，受害者（原告）起诉被告，救济方式通常是赔偿，而非惩罚。
- Memory trick: Criminal = Crime and punishment. Civil = Citizens solving problems.
- 记忆窍门： Criminal（刑法）联想到 Crime（犯罪）和 punishment（惩罚）。Civil（民法）联想到 Citizen（公民）之间解决问题。
3. Legislation and Parliament | 立法与议会
Legislation is the collection of laws created by a parliament or other legislative body. In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The process of turning a proposed law (a bill) into an Act of Parliament involves several debates and votes. Think of legislation as a finished recipe book, and Parliament as the kitchen where the recipes are written, tested, and approved.
立法是由议会或其他立法机构制定的一整套法律。在英国，议会由下议院、上议院和君主组成。将一项法律提案（法案）变成议会立法的过程需要经过多次辩论和投票。可以把立法想象成一本完成的食谱书，而议会就是那个编写、测试和批准食谱的厨房。
- Memory trick: Legislation = Legal pages. Parliament = The place where laws are ‘parleyed’ (discussed).
- 记忆窍门： Legislation（立法）联想到 Legal（法律的）pages（书页）。Parliament（议会）联想到人们在那里讨论（parley）法律。
4. Common Law and Case Law | 普通法与判例法
Common law is a body of law developed through decisions in courts over time, rather than through statutes. When judges decide a case, their reasoning can become a precedent, which means future similar cases should be decided in the same way. This is also called case law. It is like building a wall brick by brick: each new judgment adds another brick to the legal system.
普通法是通过长期以来的法院判决逐步发展起来的法律体系，而不是通过成文法。当法官判决一个案件时，他们的推理可以成为先例，这意味着今后类似的案件应当以同样的方式判决。这也被称为判例法。这就像一块一块地砌墙：每一个新的判决都为法律体系增添了一块砖。
- Memory trick: Common law comes from common court decisions. Case law = each case adds a ‘brick’ to the law.
- 记忆窍门： Common law（普通法）来自共同的法院判决。Case law（判例法）中每个 case（案件）都像一块砖砌入法律之墙。
5. Plaintiff and Defendant | 原告与被告
In a civil lawsuit, the person who brings the claim to court is called the plaintiff (or claimant in modern English law). The person against whom the claim is made is the defendant. Think of a football match: the plaintiff is the attacking team that starts the play, and the defendant is the defending side trying to block the claim.
在民事诉讼中，向法院提起诉讼的人称为原告（在现代英语法律中常用 claimant）。被起诉的人称为被告。想象一场足球赛：原告就像发起进攻的球队，而被告则是防守方，试图阻止对方的进攻（诉求）。
- Memory trick: Plaintiff = Person who ‘complains’. Defendant = Person who ‘defends’.
- 记忆窍门： Plaintiff（原告）想到 complain（抱怨、起诉）。Defendant（被告）想到 defend（防御）。
6. Judge and Jury | 法官与陪审团
A judge is a legal expert who presides over a court case, ensures the rules are followed, and decides the punishment in criminal cases or the outcome in many civil cases. In some trials, a jury – a group of ordinary citizens – listens to the evidence and decides the facts: whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty in a criminal trial, or who is at fault in certain civil trials. The judge wears a wig and gown as symbols of authority; the jury sits together in a box.
法官是法律专家，主持法庭审理，确保规则得到遵守，并在刑事案件中决定刑罚，在许多民事案件中决定判决结果。在某些审判中，陪审团——一群普通公民——听取证据并决定事实：在刑事审判中裁定被告有罪还是无罪，或在某些民事审判中裁定谁有过错。法官佩戴假发和长袍作为权威的象征；陪审团则一起坐在陪审席上。
- Memory trick: Judge ‘judges’ the law; Jury of ‘peers’ judges the facts.
- 记忆窍门： Judge（法官）判断法律问题；Jury（陪审团）由同辈（peers）判断事实。
7. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
A right is something that you are legally or morally entitled to do or have – for example, the right to education or the right to free speech. A responsibility is a duty or obligation you must carry out, such as following the law, paying taxes, or respecting others’ rights. Rights and responsibilities are two sides of the same coin: you cannot have rights without accepting the responsibilities that come with them.
权利是指你在法律上或道德上有权做或拥有的东西——例如，受教育权或言论自由权。责任是你必须履行的义务，比如遵守法律、纳税或尊重他人的权利。权利与责任是同一枚硬币的两面：如果你不承担伴随而来的责任，就无法真正拥有权利。
- Memory trick: Rights = ‘write’ your own choices. Responsibilities = ‘respond’ to your duties.
- 记忆窍门： Rights（权利）联想到你可以“写”自己的选择；Responsibilities（责任）意味着你需要“回应”你的义务。
8. Justice and Fairness | 正义与公平
Justice means giving each person what they deserve according to the law, punishing wrongdoing, and protecting people’s legal entitlements. Fairness is the quality of treating people equally and without bias, and it often involves looking at the particular circumstances of each case. A decision can be lawful but not fair, which is why courts consider both. Think of justice as the scales that weigh the evidence, and fairness as the balanced distribution of that weight.
正义意味着按照法律给予每个人应得的对待，惩罚不法行为，保护人们的法定权益。公平是指平等对待每一个人，不偏不倚，而且通常需要审视每个案件的具体情况。一个决定可能是合法的，但不公平，因此法院要同时考虑两者。可以把正义想象成衡量证据的天平，而公平则是让天平两端的重量均衡分布。
- Memory trick: Justice = Just (exact) outcome. Fairness = Fare (equal share).
- 记忆窍门： Justice（正义）带来公正（just）的结果。Fairness（公平）就像 fare（费用）分摊一样人人平等。
9. Crime and Punishment | 犯罪与刑罚
A crime is an act that breaks the criminal law and is punishable by the state. Punishment is the penalty imposed on someone who is found guilty of a crime. Punishments can include a fine (paying money), community service, a prison sentence, or, in some jurisdictions, other forms of rehabilitation. The main aims of punishment are deterrence, protection of society, rehabilitation of the offender, and retribution.
犯罪是指违反刑法并可由国家惩罚的行为。刑罚是对被认定有罪的人施加的惩处。刑罚可以包括罚款、社区服务、监禁，在某些司法管辖区还包括其他形式的改造。刑罚的主要目的包括威慑、保护社会、改造罪犯和报应。
- Memory trick: Crime = Something that makes you cringe in society. Punishment = The price you pay.
- 记忆窍门： Crime（犯罪）会让社会感到不安（cringe）。Punishment（刑罚）是你付出的代价（price）。
10. Court and Tribunal | 法院与裁判所
A court is a formal judicial institution where legal disputes are heard and decided by a judge (and sometimes a jury). A tribunal is a specialised body that deals with specific areas of law, such as employment, immigration, or mental health. Tribunals tend to be less formal than courts, with simpler procedures, but they still have legal authority. Think of courts as large, permanent hospitals for various legal problems, and tribunals as smaller, specialist clinics.
法院是一个正式的司法机构，由法官（有时也包括陪审团）审理和裁决法律争议。裁判所是一种专门机构，处理特定领域的法律问题，如就业、移民或心理健康。裁判所的程序通常不如法院正式，但依然具有法律权威。可以把法院想象成处理各种法律问题的大型综合医院，而裁判所则是更小、更专业的专科诊所。
- Memory trick: Court = Crucial place for trials. Tribunal = special ‘bench’ for a specific topic.
- 记忆窍门： Court（法院）是关键（crucial）的审判场所。Tribunal（裁判所）是处理特定问题的专门（special）法庭。
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