📚 Year 7 Cambridge Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 Cambridge 心理学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 Cambridge Psychology revision guide. This article brings together the essential topics you need to grasp, from understanding what psychology is to exploring memory, brain function, social behaviour and research methods. Each section is carefully structured so you can revise key ideas in clear, bite-sized pieces.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 Cambridge 心理学复习指南。本文梳理了你需要掌握的核心主题，从理解心理学是什么，到探索记忆、大脑功能、社会行为以及研究方法。每个部分都经过精心编排，让你能以清晰、简明的模块来复习关键概念。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It tries to explain why we think, feel and act the way we do. Psychologists use careful observation and experiments, not just guesswork, to understand how people and animals behave in different situations.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它试图解释我们为什么思考、感受和行动。心理学家运用严谨的观察和实验，而不是凭空猜测，来理解人和动物在不同情境中的行为方式。
There are many branches of psychology. Biological psychology looks at the brain and nervous system. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like memory and problem‑solving. Social psychology examines how we interact with others. Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change throughout life. In Year 7, you will get a taste of several of these areas.
心理学有许多分支。生物心理学研究大脑和神经系统。认知心理学关注记忆和问题解决等心理过程。社会心理学考察我们如何与他人互动。发展心理学研究人一生中的成长与变化。在 Year 7，你将初步接触其中好几个领域。
2. Key Approaches in Psychology | 心理学的主要流派
Different psychologists can look at the same behaviour from different angles. The biological approach explains behaviour through genes, hormones and brain structures. For example, aggression might be linked to high levels of testosterone.
不同的心理学家会从不同角度看待同一种行为。生物学流派通过基因、激素和大脑结构来解释行为。例如，攻击行为可能与高水平的睾酮有关。
The cognitive approach compares the mind to a computer. It studies how we take in information, process it, store it and use it later. If you forget someone’s name, a cognitive psychologist might ask whether you never stored it properly or whether you cannot retrieve it.
认知流派将心理比作计算机。它研究我们如何接收信息、加工、储存并在之后使用信息。如果你忘了某人的名字，认知心理学家可能会问是你根本没存好，还是无法提取出来。
The behaviourist approach focuses only on observable actions. It claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment, through rewards and punishments. We will revisit this idea when we discuss social learning and conditioning.
行为主义流派只关注可观察的行为。它主张所有行为都是通过奖励和惩罚从环境中习得的。我们在讨论社会学习和条件作用时还会再回到这个观点。
3. Research Methods | 研究方法
Psychology is a science, so it relies on systematic methods. An experiment involves changing one thing (the independent variable) and measuring what happens to another (the dependent variable). Everything else must be controlled as much as possible so we know what really caused the effect.
心理学是一门科学，因此依赖系统化的方法。实验涉及改变一件事（自变量）并测量另一件事（因变量）的变化。其他所有条件都必须尽可能控制，这样我们才能知道真正的原因是什么。
Not everything can be studied in a lab. Naturalistic observation means watching behaviour in real‑life settings without interfering. A psychologist studying bullying might observe children in a playground without them knowing, to get honest behaviour. This gives high ecological validity.
并非所有东西都能在实验室里研究。自然观察法意味着在真实生活场景中观察行为而不加干涉。研究欺凌行为的心理学家可能会在操场上观察儿童而不让他们知道，以获得真实行为。这具有较高的生态效度。
Questionnaires and interviews are widely used. They can gather lots of data quickly, but people may not always tell the truth. Psychologists must think about ethical issues too: consent, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw from a study at any time.
问卷和访谈被广泛使用。它们能快速收集大量数据，但人们不一定总是说真话。心理学家还必须考虑伦理问题：知情同意、保密以及随时退出研究的权利。
4. The Brain and Behaviour | 大脑与行为
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. The cerebrum is the largest part, split into left and right hemispheres. The prefrontal cortex, right behind your forehead, helps with decision‑making and controlling impulses. The temporal lobes process sounds and are crucial for understanding language.
大脑是人体中最复杂的器官。大脑是最大的部分，分为左右两个半球。位于前额正后方的额叶皮层帮助决策和控制冲动。颞叶处理声音，对理解语言至关重要。
Neurons are the brain’s messaging cells. They transmit information using electrical impulses and chemicals called neurotransmitters. Dopamine is linked to pleasure and reward, while serotonin helps regulate mood. An imbalance in these chemicals can affect how we think and feel.
神经元是大脑传递信息的细胞。它们利用电冲动和称为神经递质的化学物质传递信息。多巴胺与愉悦和奖赏有关，而血清素有助于调节情绪。这些化学物质失衡会影响我们的思考和感受。
Brain plasticity means that the brain can change and adapt throughout life. Every time you learn something new, you strengthen or create connections between neurons. Revision literally reshapes your brain!
大脑可塑性意味着大脑在一生中都能变化和适应。你每学一点新知识，就会加强或建立神经元之间的连接。复习真的在重塑你的大脑！
5. Memory | 记忆
Memory is not a single tape recorder. Psychologists often describe it in stages: encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding is how information gets into our memory system. Storage is keeping it there over time. Retrieval is pulling it back out when needed.
记忆并不是一台单一的录音机。心理学家通常将它描述为几个阶段：编码、储存和提取。编码是信息进入记忆系统的方式。储存是信息在时间推移中被保存。提取是在需要时取出信息。
The multi‑store model suggests we have a sensory register, short‑term memory and long‑term memory. Sensory memory holds a snapshot of what you just saw or heard for a split second. If you pay attention, that information moves into short‑term memory, which can hold about 5‑9 items for around 20 seconds unless you rehearse it.
多贮存模型提出我们有感觉登记、短期记忆和长期记忆。感觉记忆在瞬间保留你刚刚看到或听到的快照。如果你加以注意，信息就会进入短期记忆，后者在不复述的情况下能容纳大约5到9个项目，持续约20秒。
Rehearsal, chunking and making meaningful connections are powerful strategies. That is why you remember stories better than random lists. Sleep also helps to consolidate memories, moving them from short‑term to long‑term store.
复述、组块和建立有意义的联系是强有力的策略。这就是为什么你记故事比记随机列表更牢。睡眠也有助于巩固记忆，将信息从短期存储转移到长期存储。
6. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation is the raw data coming in through our five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Perception is the brain’s interpretation of those signals. Two people can look at the same image but perceive it differently.
感觉是通过我们五种感官传入的原始数据：视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。知觉是大脑对这些信号的解读。两个人可能看着同一幅图像，却有不同的知觉。
Visual illusions prove that perception is not always a true copy of reality. The Müller‑Lyer illusion, where two lines of equal length look different because of arrowheads, shows that our brain uses context to judge size. Depth cues like relative size and texture gradient help us see a 3D world, but they can also trick us.
视错觉证明知觉并非总是现实的真实复本。缪勒‑莱耶错觉中，两条等长的线因为箭头方向看起来不一样，说明我们的大脑会利用背景来判断大小。相对大小和纹理梯度等深度线索帮助我们看见三维世界，但它们也可能欺骗我们。
Top‑down processing uses past knowledge and expectations to make sense of what we see. Bottom‑up processing builds a picture purely from sensory data. Both work together so smoothly that we rarely notice the work our brain is doing.
自上而下的加工利用过往知识和预期来理解我们看到的东西。自下而上的加工纯粹从感觉数据中构建图像。两者合作得天衣无缝，我们几乎注意不到大脑在做的这些工作。
7. Social Influence | 社会影响
Social influence looks at how individuals are affected by other people. Conformity is when we change our behaviour or beliefs to match a group. Asch’s classic study showed that many people would give an obviously wrong answer about line lengths simply because everyone else did.
社会影响研究个体如何受到他人的影响。从众是指我们改变行为或信念以与群体保持一致。阿希的经典研究表明，许多人仅仅因为其他人都在做，就会对线段长度给出明显错误的答案。
Obedience is about following orders from someone in authority. Milgram’s famous experiment revealed that ordinary people could be instructed to deliver what they believed were dangerous electric shocks to another person. This raised huge questions about why we obey, even when it goes against our conscience.
服从是关于听从权威人士的命令。米尔格拉姆的著名实验揭示，普通人可以被指示对另一个人施加他们认为是危险的电击。这引发了关于我们为何服从的重大问题，即使这违背自己的良知。
In Year 7, we focus on simpler ideas: peer pressure, helping behaviour (bystander effect) and how culture shapes our social norms. Understanding these concepts helps you recognise why people sometimes act differently in groups than when they are alone.
在 Year 7，我们关注更简单的概念：同伴压力、助人行为（旁观者效应）以及文化如何塑造我们的社会规范。理解这些概念有助于你认识到，为何人们在群体中的表现有时与独自一人时不同。
8. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Developmental psychology studies how people grow from infancy to old age. One key theme is nature versus nurture: are we shaped more by our genes (nature) or by our experiences and environment (nurture)? Most psychologists now agree it is an interaction of both.
发展心理学研究人从婴儿期到老年的成长过程。一个关键主题是先天与后天：我们更多地由基因（先天）塑造，还是由经验和环境（后天）塑造？现在大多数心理学家都同意，这是两者相互作用的结果。
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development describe how children think differently as they get older. For example, young children in the pre‑operational stage struggle with conservation – they think that pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass changes the amount of water. By around age 7–11, most children learn that quantity stays the same even if appearance changes.
皮亚杰的认知发展阶段描述儿童随着年龄增长思维如何不同。例如，处于前运算阶段的幼儿难以理解守恒概念——他们认为把水从矮宽杯子倒入高细杯子会改变水的量。到了大约7到11岁，多数儿童学会即使外观变化，量仍保持不变。
Attachment theory explains the emotional bond between a baby and its caregiver. A secure attachment in infancy tends to lead to better relationships later in life. Observing how children play, talk and solve problems gives developmental psychologists clues about typical and atypical development.
依恋理论解释婴儿与照料者之间的情感纽带。婴儿期形成安全型依恋，往往能带来日后更好的人际关系。观察儿童如何玩耍、交谈和解决问题，能为发展心理学家提供关于典型与非典型发展的线索。
9. Psychological Problems | 心理健康问题
Not all psychology is about everyday behaviour; it also helps us understand mental health difficulties. Anxiety and depression are two of the most common psychological problems in teenagers. Anxiety involves persistent worry and physical signs like a racing heart. Depression is more than just sadness; it can involve loss of interest in activities, changes in sleep and appetite, and feelings of worthlessness.
并非所有心理学都关于日常行为；它还能帮助我们理解心理健康方面的困难。焦虑和抑郁是青少年中最常见的两种心理问题。焦虑涉及持续担忧和心跳加速等身体迹象。抑郁不仅仅是悲伤；它可能包括对活动失去兴趣、睡眠和食欲改变，以及无价值感。
Psychologists use structured methods to help, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, which challenges unhelpful thinking patterns. In school, mindfulness techniques teach you to notice your thoughts without judging them, which can reduce stress. Learning about these conditions also reduces stigma, making it easier for people to seek support.
心理学家使用结构化的方法提供帮助，例如认知行为疗法，它挑战无益的思维模式。在学校，正念技巧教你觉察自己的想法而不加评判，这能减轻压力。了解这些状况还能减少污名化，让人们更容易寻求支持。
10. Key Studies and Revision Strategies | 核心研究案例与复习策略
Throughout your Year 7 course, you will encounter simple versions of classic studies. Remember Asch’s conformity line experiment, Milgram’s obedience study, Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment (showing children imitate aggressive behaviour) and Piaget’s conservation tasks. For each, know the aim, method, main findings and one criticism.
在整个 Year 7 课程中，你会遇到经典研究的简化版本。记住阿希的从众线段实验、米尔格拉姆的服从研究、班杜拉的波波玩偶实验（表明儿童模仿攻击行为）以及皮亚杰的守恒任务。对每个研究，都要了解目的、方法、主要发现和一个批评点。
Effective revision is active, not passive. Do not just read your notes; try to explain a concept aloud without looking. Create mind maps linking topics, because psychology is full of connections. Use flashcards for key terms: on one side write ‘conformity’, on the other, ‘changing your behaviour to fit in with a group’. Practice past questions under timed conditions to build confidence.
有效的复习是主动的，而非被动的。不要只看笔记；试着不看笔记大声解释一个概念。绘制将各主题联系起来的思维导图，因为心理学充满了联系。使用闪卡记关键术语：一面写“从众”，另一面写“改变行为以融入群体”。限时练习过往试题以建立信心。
Finally, take care of your brain. Sleep, exercise and breaks are essential for memory consolidation. A tired brain cannot retrieve information effectively. Space your revision into short, regular sessions rather than cramming all night before a test. This is called distributed practice, and it is supported by solid psychological evidence.
最后，照顾好你的大脑。睡眠、运动和休息对记忆巩固至关重要。疲惫的大脑无法有效地提取信息。将复习分散成短小而规律的时段，而不是考试前整晚填鸭式学习。这称为分散练习，它有扎实的心理学证据支持。
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