📚 Year 7 CCEA Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | CCEA 七年级生物：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 CCEA Biology Vocabulary Memorisation Guide. Building a strong scientific vocabulary is the first step towards mastering key concepts in Biology. This article pairs each essential term with a clear English definition and its Chinese equivalent, so you can learn the language of living things with confidence. Use these quick definitions to reinforce your understanding and ace your class tests.
欢迎使用七年级 CCEA 生物词汇速记指南。建立扎实的科技术语库是掌握生物学核心概念的第一步。本文为每个必备术语配上了清晰的英文定义和对应的中文解释，让你能够自信地学习生命科学的语言。利用这些简明定义来强化理解，在课堂测试中取得优异成绩。
1. Basic Cell Structures | 基础细胞结构
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA).
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place.
细胞质 – 胶状物质，是大多数化学反应发生的场所。
Cell membrane – a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of substances in and out.
细胞膜 – 包裹细胞的薄而灵活的屏障，控制物质进出。
Cell wall – a rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides support and shape (made of cellulose).
细胞壁 – 植物细胞中的坚硬外层，起支持和定型作用（由纤维素构成）。
Chloroplast – the green structure in plant cells that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
叶绿体 – 植物细胞内的绿色结构，吸收阳光进行光合作用。
Vacuole – a large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste.
液泡 – 植物细胞内充满液体的大囊泡，储存水分、养料和废物。
2. Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 生命活动过程（MRS GREN）
Movement – an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
运动 – 生物体或其一部分做出引起位置或地点改变的动作。
Respiration – the chemical reaction that releases energy from food in all living cells.
呼吸作用 – 在所有活细胞中从食物释放能量的化学反应。
Sensitivity – the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
感应性 – 探测并响应环境变化的能力。
Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size.
生长 – 通过细胞数目或大小的增加，实现体积和干质量的永久性增加。
Reproduction – the production of offspring to continue the species.
繁殖 – 产生后代以延续物种。
Excretion – the removal of toxic waste products of metabolism from the body.
排泄 – 将新陈代谢产生的有毒废物从体内排出。
Nutrition – the intake of nutrients for energy, growth and repair.
营养 – 摄取营养物以获得能量、进行生长和修复。
3. Classification of Living Things | 生物分类
Species – a group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
物种 – 一群能够相互交配并产生可育后代的相似生物体。
Kingdom – the highest taxonomic rank; the five kingdoms are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes and Protoctists.
界 – 最高分类等级；五界分别是动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界和原生生物界。
Vertebrate – an animal with a backbone (e.g., fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal).
脊椎动物 – 具有脊柱的动物（如鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类）。
Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone (e.g., insects, spiders, snails).
无脊椎动物 – 没有脊柱的动物（如昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛）。
Binomial system – the two-name system using Genus and species to name organisms, devised by Carl Linnaeus.
双名法 – 卡尔·林奈设计的用属名和种加词两个名字来命名生物的系统。
4. Ecosystems and Habitats | 生态系统与栖息地
Ecosystem – a community of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.
生态系统 – 生物群落与其物理环境相互作用形成的整体。
Habitat – the specific place where an organism lives.
栖息地 – 生物居住的具体地点。
Population – all the members of a single species living in a habitat.
种群 – 生活在同一栖息地的同一物种的所有个体。
Community – all the populations of different species living together in a habitat.
群落 – 生活在同一栖息地中所有不同物种种群的集合。
Biodiversity – the variety of different species in an area.
生物多样性 – 某一地区内不同物种的多样性。
5. Food Chains and Food Webs | 食物链与食物网
Producer – an organism that makes its own food using energy from the Sun (plants and algae).
生产者 – 利用太阳能自己制造食物的生物（植物和藻类）。
Consumer – an organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms.
消费者 – 通过食用其他生物获取能量的生物。
Herbivore – an animal that only eats plants.
植食动物 – 只吃植物的动物。
Carnivore – an animal that only eats other animals.
肉食动物 – 只吃其他动物的动物。
Omnivore – an animal that eats both plants and animals.
杂食动物 – 既吃植物也吃动物的动物。
Decomposer – an organism that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients (bacteria and fungi).
分解者 – 分解死去的物质并循环养分的生物（细菌和真菌）。
Food web – a network of interconnected food chains showing feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
食物网 – 显示生态系统中摄食关系的相互连接的食物链网络。
6. Human Organ Systems | 人体器官系统
Organ – a structure made of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
器官 – 由不同组织构成、共同执行特定功能的结构。
Digestive system – the organ system that breaks down food into small, soluble molecules for absorption.
消化系统 – 将食物分解为可溶性小分子以便吸收的器官系统。
Circulatory system – the heart, blood and blood vessels that transport substances around the body.
循环系统 – 由心脏、血液和血管组成，在全身运输物质。
Respiratory system – the lungs and airways that allow gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
呼吸系统 – 肺和气道，负责气体交换（吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳）。
Skeleton – the rigid framework of bones that supports the body, protects organs and allows movement.
骨骼 – 由骨构成的坚硬框架，支撑身体、保护器官并允许运动。
Muscle – a tissue that can contract to produce movement.
肌肉 – 能收缩以致动的组织。
7. Plant Reproduction | 植物繁殖
Pollination – the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.
传粉 – 花粉从雄蕊的花药转移到雌蕊柱头上的过程。
Fertilisation – the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
受精 – 雌雄配子融合形成合子的过程。
Seed dispersal – the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant to reduce competition (by wind, water, animals, explosion).
种子传播 – 种子远离母株扩散以减少竞争（通过风、水、动物、弹射等方式）。
Germination – the process by which a seed begins to grow into a new plant, requiring water, oxygen and warmth.
萌发 – 种子开始长成一株新植物的过程，需要水分、氧气和适宜的温度。
Stamen – the male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of anther and filament.
雄蕊 – 花的雄性生殖部分，由花药和花丝组成。
Carpel (pistil) – the female reproductive part of a flower, comprising stigma, style and ovary.
雌蕊 – 花的雌性生殖部分，包括柱头、花柱和子房。
8. Variation and Adaptation | 变异与适应
Variation – differences between individuals of the same species.
变异 – 同一物种个体之间的差异。
Inherited variation – features passed from parents to offspring through genes (e.g., eye colour).
遗传变异 – 通过基因从亲代传递给后代的特征（如眼色）。
Environmental variation – features caused by surroundings, not genes (e.g., a suntan, language).
环境变异 – 由环境而非基因引起的特征（如晒黑的皮肤、语言）。
Adaptation – a special feature that helps an organism survive in its habitat.
适应 – 帮助生物在其栖息地生存的特殊特征。
Camouflage – an adaptation in colour or shape that allows an organism to blend in with its surroundings.
伪装 – 一种颜色或形状上的适应，使生物能与周围环境融为一体。
Natural selection – the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
自然选择 – 更能适应环境的生物往往得以生存并繁殖更多后代的过程。
9. Scientific Investigation Terms | 科学探究术语
Hypothesis – a testable prediction or explanation for an observation.
假设 – 对观察结果的可检验预测或解释。
Independent variable – the factor that is changed or manipulated by the investigator.
自变量 – 研究者改变或操控的因素。
Dependent variable – the factor that is measured or observed; it depends on the independent variable.
因变量 – 被测量或观察的因素，依赖于自变量的变化。
Control variable – a factor kept constant to ensure a fair test.
控制变量 – 为保持公平测试而维持不变的因素。
Fair test – an investigation where only the independent variable is changed, and all other variables are controlled.
公平测试 – 只改变自变量，其他所有变量均受控制的实验。
Conclusion – a summary of what the results show, linking back to the hypothesis.
结论 – 对结果所显示内容的总结，并与假设相呼应。
10. Microscopy and Practical Terms | 显微镜与实验术语
Magnification – the number of times larger an image appears compared to the real object.
放大倍数 – 图像比实物大的倍数。
Eyepiece lens – the lens at the top of the microscope you look through; usually ×10 magnification.
目镜 – 显微镜顶部用于观察的透镜，通常为 ×10 放大。
Objective lens – the lens closest to the specimen; typically ×4, ×10 and ×40.
物镜 – 离标本最近的透镜，通常有 ×4、×10 和 ×40。
Slide – a thin glass plate on which a specimen is mounted for viewing.
载玻片 – 用于放置标本以便观察的薄玻璃片。
Coverslip – a tiny, thin square of glass placed over the specimen on a slide.
盖玻片 – 放在载玻片标本上的微小薄玻璃片。
Total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification.
总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数
Stain – a dye used to make cell structures more visible (e.g., iodine for plant cells).
染色剂 – 用于让细胞结构更可见的染料（如用于植物细胞的碘液）。
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