Year 7 CCEA Economics Quick Reference: Key Formulas & Theorems | 初中经济学公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 CCEA Economics Quick Reference: Key Formulas & Theorems | 初中经济学公式定理速查手册

Economics helps us understand how people, businesses, and governments make choices when resources are limited. This handbook collects the essential formulas, definitions, and fundamental concepts you will meet in Year 7 CCEA Economics. Use it to revise, memorise key terms, and build confidence before tests.

经济学帮助我们理解当资源有限时，个人、企业和政府如何做出选择。这本手册收集了你将在七年级CCEA经济学中遇到的核心公式、定义和基本概念。用它来复习、记忆关键术语，并在考试前建立信心。

1. Economics and the Basic Problem | 经济学与基本问题

Economics is the study of how we use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. The fundamental economic problem is scarcity — we never have enough resources to produce everything everyone wants.

经济学是研究我们如何使用稀缺资源来满足无限欲望的学科。基本的经济问题是稀缺性——我们永远没有足够的资源来生产所有人想要的一切。

Goods are physical items like food, clothes, and pencils. Services are actions done for you, such as a haircut, a bus journey, or a lesson. Both aim to satisfy wants and needs.

商品是实物，如食物、衣服和铅笔。服务是为你完成的行为，比如理发、乘坐公交或上课。两者都旨在满足欲望和需求。

Key definition: Scarcity means there is a limited supply of resources relative to the unlimited wants of people.

关键定义：稀缺性意味着相对于人们无限的欲望，资源的供给是有限的。

2. Needs and Wants | 需要与想要

Needs are things that are essential for survival, such as water, food, shelter, and basic clothing. Wants are things we desire but do not need to survive, like video games, designer trainers, or a holiday.

需要是生存所必需的东西，如水、食物、住所和基本衣物。想要是我们渴望但并非生存必需的东西，比如电子游戏、名牌运动鞋或度假。

Because resources are scarce, we often cannot have all our wants. This forces us to make choices. Economics studies those choices and their consequences.

由于资源是稀缺的，我们往往不能拥有所有想要的东西。这迫使我们做出选择。经济学研究这些选择及其后果。

3. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本

Opportunity cost is the next best alternative that you give up when you make a choice. Every decision involves a trade‑off.

机会成本是当你做出选择时，你所放弃的次优替代品。每一个决策都涉及权衡。

Formula idea (concept only): Total cost of a decision = money spent + opportunity cost (the value of what you did not choose).

公式思路（仅概念）：决策的总成本 = 花费的金钱 + 机会成本（你未选择的事物的价值）。

If you spend an hour playing football instead of studying, the opportunity cost is the revision time you lost. In money terms, if you buy a comic for £5, the opportunity cost might be the £5 toy car you could have bought instead.

如果你花一小时踢足球而不是学习，机会成本就是你失去的复习时间。从金钱角度看，如果你花5英镑买了一本漫画，机会成本可能是你本可以购买的5英镑玩具车。

4. Factors of Production | 生产要素

Resources used to make goods and services are called factors of production. There are four main types, often remembered as CELL: Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour.

用于生产商品和服务的资源被称为生产要素。主要有四种类型，常被记为CELL：资本、企业精神、土地、劳动力。

Land: Natural resources like water, minerals, forests, and land itself.
土地：自然资源，如水、矿产、森林和土地本身。
Labour: Human effort, both physical and mental, used in production.
劳动力：生产中使用的人力，包括体力和脑力。
Capital: Man‑made tools, machines, and buildings that help produce goods and services.
资本：人造工具、机器和建筑物，用于帮助生产商品和服务。
Enterprise: The ability to bring the other three factors together to start a business, taking risks in hope of profit.
企业精神：将其他三种要素结合起来创业的能力，承担风险以谋求利润。

5. Demand – The Buyer’s Side | 需求——买方视角

Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that, generally, as the price falls, the quantity demanded rises, and as the price rises, the quantity demanded falls. This is an inverse relationship.

需求是消费者在一定时期内愿意且能够以不同价格购买的商品或服务的数量。需求定律指出，一般而言，当价格下降时，需求量上升；当价格上升时，需求量下降。这是一种反向关系。

We do not use complicated graphs in Year 7, but you can picture it: if sweets cost 10p, you might buy many; but if the price goes up to £1, you probably buy fewer.

我们在七年级不使用复杂的图形，但你可以想象：如果糖果价格为10便士，你可能会买很多；但如果价格涨到1英镑，你很可能就买得少了。

A demand schedule lists the quantity demanded at each price. Individual demand is one person’s demand; market demand totals everybody’s demand in the market.

需求表列出了在每个价格下的需求量。个人需求是一个人的需求；市场需求是市场中所有人的总需求。

6. Supply – The Seller’s Side | 供给——卖方视角

Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply says that, generally, as the price rises, the quantity supplied rises, and as the price falls, the quantity supplied falls. This is a direct relationship.

供给是生产者愿意且能够以不同价格提供销售的商品或服务的数量。供给定律指出，一般而言，当价格上升时，供给量上升；当价格下降时，供给量下降。这是一种直接关系。

Producers are motivated by profit. Higher prices mean they can cover their costs and earn more, so they are keen to supply more. A supply schedule lists the quantity supplied at each price.

生产者受利润驱动。更高的价格意味着他们能够覆盖成本并获得更多收益，因此他们愿意供应更多。供给表列出了在每个价格下的供给量。

7. Market Equilibrium – Where Buyers and Sellers Meet | 市场均衡——买卖相遇之处

Equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. At this price, there is no shortage and no surplus; the market clears.

均衡点是需求量等于供给量的点。在这个价格下，既没有短缺也没有过剩；市场出清。

Shortage: When price is set too low, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. Not all buyers can get the product.
短缺：当价格设定过低时，需求量超过供给量，不是所有买家都能买到产品。
Surplus: When price is set too high, quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Producers have unsold stock.
过剩：当价格设定过高时，供给量超过需求量，生产者有未售出的库存。

In a free market, prices move towards equilibrium naturally. If there is a shortage, prices rise; if there is a surplus, prices fall.

在自由市场中，价格会自然向均衡移动。如果存在短缺，价格上升；如果存在过剩，价格下降。

8. The Price Mechanism – Five Functions of Price | 价格机制——价格的五种功能

Price has important jobs in a market economy. They are often remembered as S‑S‑R‑I‑D:

Signal – A rising price signals that a good is becoming scarcer, encouraging more supply.
激励——价格上升发出商品变得更稀缺的信号，鼓励增加供给。
Ration – When a product is scarce, the price rises and only those willing to pay can obtain it.
配给——当产品稀缺时，价格上升，只有愿意支付的人才能获得。
Incentive – Higher prices give firms an incentive to produce more; lower prices encourage consumers to buy more.
激励——较高的价格激励企业生产更多；较低的价格鼓励消费者购买更多。
Distribute – Price helps decide who gets the product; it acts like a rationing device.
分配——价格帮助决定谁获得产品；它就像一个配给装置。

(Note: The fifth function is sometimes summarised as ‘allocate resources’, and students often learn the SIPDAC mnemonic — Signal, Incentive, Preference, Distribute, Allocate, Control — but Year 7 CCEA keeps it simple with the main ones.)

（注：第五种功能有时概括为“分配资源”，学生们常记住SIPDAC记忆法——信号、激励、偏好、分配、配置、控制——但七年级CCEA保持简洁，只学习主要功能。）

9. Money – What It Is and Its Functions | 货币——定义与功能

Money is anything that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange. Today, we use coins, notes, and digital payments. Money has four key functions:

货币是任何被普遍接受作为交换媒介的东西。今天，我们使用硬币、纸币和数字支付。货币有四个关键功能：

Medium of exchange – It is used to buy and sell goods and services, removing the need to barter.
交换媒介——它用于买卖商品和服务，消除了物物交换的需要。
Unit of account – It provides a common measure of value, so we can compare prices.
计价单位——它提供了一种共同的价值尺度，因此我们可以比较价格。
Store of value – You can save money now and spend it later; it holds its value for a time.
价值储藏——你可以现在存钱，以后花；它能在一段时间内保持其价值。
Standard of deferred payment – Money is used to pay back debts in the future, because its value is understood.
延期支付标准——货币用于未来偿还债务，因为其价值是被理解的。

10. Basic Business Costs and Revenue | 基本的企业成本与收入

A business aims to earn a profit. Profit is the difference between revenue and costs. In Year 7 we keep the maths simple.

企业以赚取利润为目标。利润是收入与成本之间的差额。在七年级，我们保持数学简单。

Key formulas:

关键公式：

Total Revenue = Price × Quantity Sold

总收入 = 价格 × 销售数量

Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs

总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本

Profit = Total Revenue − Total Cost

利润 = 总收入 − 总成本

Fixed costs do not change with output (e.g. rent). Variable costs change with the level of output (e.g. raw materials). A firm breaks even when total revenue equals total cost.

固定成本不随产量变化（如租金）。可变成本随产量水平变化（如原材料）。当总收入等于总成本时，企业达到盈亏平衡。

11. Specialisation and the Division of Labour | 分工与劳动分工

Specialisation happens when a worker, firm, or country focuses on producing a narrow range of goods or services. Division of labour means breaking a production process into small, specialised tasks, each done by different workers.

专业化是指一个工人、企业或国家专注于生产一系列狭窄的商品或服务。劳动分工意味着将生产过程分解为小的、专门化的任务，每个任务由不同的工人完成。

Specialisation increases output because workers become quicker and more skilled at a single task. However, it can make work boring and repetitive.

专业化增加了产出，因为工人在单一任务上变得更快、更熟练。然而，它可能会使工作变得枯燥和重复。

Example: In a pin factory, one worker draws the wire, another cuts it, a third sharpens the point. Together they produce far more pins than if each tried to make a whole pin alone. This idea was made famous by Adam Smith.

例子：在一个大头针工厂，一个工人拉丝，另一个切割，第三个磨尖。他们一起生产的针头远比每个人都试图单独制作一整根针要多得多。这个想法因亚当·斯密而闻名。

12. Economic Decision Making and Choices | 经济决策与选择

Every economic agent — consumers, producers, and governments — must make choices. The fundamental question is: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? These are the three basic economic questions.

每个经济参与者——消费者、生产者和政府——都必须做出选择。根本问题是：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？这三个基本经济问题。

Because of scarcity, choices often involve trade‑offs. A government choosing between building a new hospital or a new school faces an opportunity cost. The next best alternative is what you do not choose.

由于稀缺性，选择通常涉及权衡。一个政府在建设新医院还是新学校之间做选择，就面临机会成本。次优选择就是你未选择的东西。

Individuals make choices every day: to save or to spend, to study or to play. Understanding opportunity cost helps you think like an economist.

个人每天都在做选择：储蓄还是消费，学习还是玩耍。理解机会成本帮助你像经济学家一样思考。

Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

Year 7 CCEA Economics Quick Reference: Key Formulas & Theorems | 初中经济学公式定理速查手册