📚 Year 7 CCEA Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 七年级 CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong philosophical vocabulary is the first step towards thinking clearly, arguing effectively and earning top marks in your Year 7 CCEA Philosophy assessments. Philosophy is a subject built on precise language – one word can unlock an entire branch of thought. This guide brings together the key terms you must know, explains each one in plain English and pairs it with a Chinese translation, then gives you memory tricks to make them stick. The terms are grouped by topic to match the way you’ll encounter them in class and in revision.
建立牢固的哲学术语库，是你清晰思考、有效论证并在七年级CCEA哲学测评中取得高分的第一步。哲学是一门建立在精确语言基础上的学科——一个词就能开启一整个思想分支。本指南整理了你必须掌握的关键术语，以简明英文解释每一个，并配以中文翻译，再提供记忆技巧帮助你牢牢记住。术语按主题分组，与你课堂学习和复习时遇到的顺序一致。
1. Core Concepts in Logic | 逻辑核心概念
Logic is the engine of philosophy. Every argument you analyse or build follows a logical structure. Understanding the building blocks – argument, premise, conclusion, validity and soundness – means you can dissect any claim and spot weak reasoning. Below are the foundational terms you need to recognise rapidly.
逻辑是哲学的引擎。你分析或构建的每一个论证都遵循逻辑结构。理解论证、前提、结论、有效性与可靠性这些基本组成部分，你就能剖析任何主张并发现薄弱的推理。以下是需要快速辨识的基础术语。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Argument – a set of statements where some (premises) are intended to support another (conclusion). | 论证 – 一组陈述，其中一些（前提）意在于支持另一个（结论）。 |
| Premise – a statement offered as a reason to accept the conclusion. | 前提 – 作为接受结论的理由而提出的陈述。 |
| Conclusion – the statement the argument is trying to prove. | 结论 – 论证试图证明的陈述。 |
| Validity – if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true (the logical structure works). | 有效性 – 如果前提为真，结论必然为真（逻辑结构成立）。 |
| Soundness – the argument is valid AND its premises are actually true. | 可靠性 – 论证既有效，且其前提确实为真。 |
A quick memory aid: picture a tennis match. The premises are the shots that set up the point, and the conclusion is the final winning shot. A valid rally follows the rules, but a sound one also means the shots actually landed inside the lines – true premises. Once you can label premises and conclusions in any paragraph, you’re thinking like a philosopher.
一个快速记忆方法：想象一场网球比赛。前提是那些为得分做铺垫的击球，结论是最终的致胜一击。一个有效的回合遵循规则，但可靠的回合还意味着那些击球确实落在界内——即真实的前提。一旦你能够在任何段落中标出前提与结论，你就已经像哲学家一样思考了。
2. Ethics & Morality Terms | 伦理与道德术语
Ethics asks ‘What is the right thing to do?’ When you tackle a moral dilemma in class or an exam, you’ll be expected to name different ethical approaches. These terms describe entire systems of right and wrong, and they frequently appear in structured questions. Memorising them early gives you a ready-made toolkit for any applied ethics scenario.
伦理学追问“什么是正确的行为？”当你在课堂或考试中处理道德困境时，你需要说出不同的伦理进路。这些术语描述了判断是非对错的完整体系，在结构化题目中频繁出现。尽早记住它们，你就拥有了应对任何应用伦理情境的现成工具箱。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Utilitarianism – the ethical theory that the best action is the one that maximises overall happiness or pleasure and minimises pain. | 功利主义 – 最好的行为是能最大化总体幸福或快乐、最小化痛苦的行为。 |
| Consequentialism – the broader view that the morality of an action depends entirely on its outcomes or consequences. | 结果主义 – 更宽泛的观点：行为的道德性完全取决于其结果或后果。 |
| Deontology – the ethical approach that focuses on duties and rules; some acts are right or wrong regardless of consequences (associated with Kant). | 义务论 – 强调义务与规则；某些行为不论后果如何都是对的或错的（与康德关联）。 |
| Virtue Ethics – an approach centred on character and virtues (e.g. courage, honesty) rather than rules or consequences (Aristotle). | 美德伦理学 – 以品格与美德（如勇敢、诚实）为中心，而非规则或后果（亚里士多德）。 |
| Moral Dilemma – a situation where a difficult choice must be made between two or more conflicting moral principles. | 道德困境 – 必须在两个或多个相互冲突的道德原则之间作出艰难选择的情境。 |
Try the ‘3Ds’ trick: Duty-based (Deontology), Decision-outcome (Consequentialism), and virtuous Disposition (Virtue ethics). When you see a case study, ask yourself: ‘Would a deontologist break a promise to save five lives?’ No. ‘Would a utilitarian?’ Yes – because the outcome matters. Using these labels lifts your answer from opinion to analysis.
试试“3D”技巧：以义务为基础（Duty-based, 义务论），决策-结果（Decision-outcome, 结果主义），以及美德倾向（virtuous Disposition, 美德伦理学）。当你看到一个案例时，问自己：“义务论者会违背诺言去救五条命吗？”不会。“功利主义者呢？”会——因为结果很重要。使用这些标签能将你的答案从个人意见提升到分析层面。
3. Metaphysics & Existence | 形而上学与存在
Metaphysics deals with the big questions about reality: What is it to be? Do we have free will? Are mind and body separate? These heavyweight terms often intimidate Year 7 students, but breaking them into bite-sized definitions makes them manageable. Every exam board expects you to contrast views like dualism and materialism under timed conditions.
形而上学处理关于实在的大问题：什么是存在？我们有自由意志吗？心灵与身体是分离的吗？这些分量重的术语常常让七年级学生感到害怕，但把它们拆解成容易消化的小定义就能应付自如。每个考试局都期待你能够在限时条件下对比二元论与唯物主义等观点。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Free Will – the capacity to make choices genuinely undetermined by prior causes. | 自由意志 – 真正不受先前原因所决定而进行选择的能力。 |
| Determinism – the view that all events, including human actions, are determined by previous causes. | 决定论 – 一切事件（包括人类行为）都由先前的原因所决定。 |
| Dualism – the belief that mind and body are two distinct substances (Descartes’ view). | 二元论 – 相信心灵与身体是两种不同的实体（笛卡尔的观点）。 |
| Materialism (Physicalism) – the view that everything, including consciousness, is ultimately physical or material. | 唯物主义（物理主义） – 一切存在，包括意识，最终都是物理的或物质的。 |
| Identity – in metaphysics, the question of what makes a person the same person over time (personal identity). | 同一性 – 在形而上学中，关于什么使一个人历经时间仍是同一个人的问题（人格同一性）。 |
To remember dualism vs materialism, imagine a ghost (mind) inside a machine (body) – that’s dualism. Now imagine the ghost is just another part of the machine’s wiring – that’s materialism. When you sketch these quick mental images, exam recall becomes almost automatic.
要记住二元论与唯物主义，想象一个幽灵（心灵）在一台机器（身体）里——那就是二元论。再想象幽灵只是机器线路的另一个部分——那就是唯物主义。当你在脑海中快速画出这些形象，考试时的回忆几乎是自动的。
4. Epistemology: How We Know | 认识论：我们如何认知
Epistemology explores knowledge itself: where does it come from, and how can we be sure of it? In Year 7 philosophy, you’ll meet the two great rival camps – rationalism and empiricism – and the sceptical voice that challenges both. Mastering these distinctions allows you to discuss the strengths and limits of science, reason and everyday belief.
认识论探究知识本身：它来自哪里，我们如何确定它？在七年级哲学中，你会遇到两大对立阵营——理性主义与经验主义——以及对两者都提出挑战的怀疑之声。掌握这些区分，你就能讨论科学、理性与日常信念的长处与局限。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Rationalism – the view that reason and logical deduction are the primary sources of knowledge (e.g. Descartes, Plato). | 理性主义 – 认为理性与逻辑演绎是知识的主要来源（如笛卡尔、柏拉图）。 |
| Empiricism – the view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience and observation (e.g. Locke, Hume). | 经验主义 – 认为知识主要来自感官经验与观察（如洛克、休谟）。 |
| Scepticism – the position that we should doubt whether knowledge claims are really justified; radical scepticism questions whether we can know anything at all. | 怀疑论 – 认为我们应质疑知识主张是否有充分理据；极端怀疑论甚至追问我们是否能知道任何事物。 |
| A priori knowledge – knowledge that is independent of experience (e.g. mathematical truths). | 先验知识 – 独立于经验的知识（如数学真理）。 |
| A posteriori knowledge – knowledge that depends on experience or empirical evidence (e.g. ‘the cat is on the mat’). | 后验知识 – 依赖于经验或实证证据的知识（例如“猫在垫子上”）。 |
Link the terms with a simple rhyme: ‘Rationalists use their brains, empiricists need the lanes’ (lanes = senses, as if you’re walking down a sensory lane gathering data). For a priori vs a posteriori, think ‘A PRIori = PRIor to experience; A POSTeriori = POST experience’. These tiny linguistic hooks save precious thinking time in the exam hall.
用一首简单的小诗来联想这些术语：“理性主义者用脑（brains），经验主义者需道（lanes）”（lanes指感官，仿佛你沿着感官小径收集数据）。对于先验与后验，可以想：“A PRIori = PRIor to experience（经验之前）；A POSTeriori = POST experience（经验之后）”。这些小小的语言钩子能为你在考场上节省宝贵的思考时间。
5. Political & Social Philosophy | 政治与社会哲学
When philosophy turns to how societies should be organised, a fresh set of terms emerges. Political philosophy examines justice, rights, authority and the social contract. In Year 7, you are likely to touch on foundational ideas about fairness and government. Knowing the vocabulary helps you join discussions about rules, laws and what a just society looks like.
当哲学转向社会应当如何组织时，就出现了一批新的术语。政治哲学探讨正义、权利、权威以及社会契约。在七年级，你很可能接触到关于公平与政府的基础思想。掌握词汇有助于你参与关于规则、法律以及正义社会应如何的讨论。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Social Contract – an implicit agreement among citizens to form a society and abide by its rules in exchange for protection and order. | 社会契约 – 公民之间一种默示的协议，共同组成社会并遵守其规则，以换取保护与秩序。 |
| Justice – the concept of fairness, giving each person what they are due; often split into distributive justice (sharing resources) and retributive justice (punishment). | 正义 – 公平的概念，给予每个人所应得；通常分为分配正义（分配资源）和报应正义（惩罚）。 |
| Rights – entitlements that individuals possess, often divided into legal rights and moral or human rights. | 权利 – 个人所拥有的应得权限，常分为法律权利与道德或人权。 |
| Authority – the legitimate power to give orders, enforce rules and make decisions on behalf of a group. | 权威 – 发布命令、执行规则并代表群体作出决定的合法权力。 |
| Liberty – freedom from oppressive restrictions; often discussed as positive liberty (freedom to achieve) and negative liberty (freedom from interference). | 自由 – 免受压迫性限制的自由；常分为积极自由（实现的自由）与消极自由（不受干涉的自由）。 |
Picture a classroom as a mini society: the social contract is your agreement to follow the class rules; justice is whether the teacher treats everyone equally; rights are things you’re entitled to, like asking a question; authority is the teacher’s legitimate role. Running real-life parallels through these terms makes them concrete and memorable.
把教室想象成一个微型社会：社会契约就是你同意遵守课堂规则的协议；正义是老师是否平等对待每个人；权利是你有权做的事，比如提问；权威则是老师的合法角色。用真实生活的对应来理解这些术语，能让它们变得具体且容易记住。
6. Key Philosophical ‘-isms’ | 关键哲学“主义”
Philosophy loves ‘-isms’ – they are shorthand for sweeping worldviews. Being comfortable with words like relativism, absolutism, nihilism and stoicism lets you categorise big ideas instantly. Year 7 examiners often test these in multiple-choice or short-answer comparisons, so rapid recall is a real advantage.
哲学偏爱各种“主义”——它们是宏阔世界观的缩略语。熟稔相对主义、绝对主义、虚无主义和斯多葛主义这类词，能让你瞬间对宏大思想进行分类。七年级考官常在选择题或简短对比题中考察这些术语，因此快速回忆真是一种优势。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Relativism – the view that truth, morality or knowledge is relative to the individual, culture or historical period; there are no absolute universal standards. | 相对主义 – 认为真理、道德或知识相对于个人、文化或历史时期；不存在绝对的普遍标准。 |
| Absolutism – the view that certain truths or moral rules are fixed, universal and apply to all people at all times. | 绝对主义 – 认为某些真理或道德规则是固定的、普遍的，适用于所有人在一切时代。 |
| Nihilism – the belief that life has no intrinsic meaning, purpose or value; moral nihilism says no action is objectively right or wrong. | 虚无主义 – 相信生命没有内在意义、目的或价值；道德虚无主义认为没有任何行为在客观上是正确或错误的。 |
| Stoicism – an ancient philosophy teaching self-control, rationality and acceptance of things we cannot change, aiming for inner peace. | 斯多葛主义 – 一种古代哲学，教导自制、理性和接受无法改变之事，追求内心安宁。 |
| Existentialism – a modern philosophy emphasising individual freedom, choice and the creation of meaning in an otherwise absurd world. | 存在主义 – 一种现代哲学，强调个体自由、选择以及在荒诞世界中创造意义。 |
Use a ‘scale’ visual: place relativism on the far left (everything depends on context) and absolutism on the far right (rules are fixed). Nihilism sits in a dark corner saying ‘nothing matters’, while stoicism and existentialism sit nearer the centre, offering practical ways to respond to that scary thought. Drawing this scale in your revision notes helps you file each ‘-ism’ instantly.
用一个“尺度”视觉：把相对主义放在最左边（一切都取决于情境），把绝对主义放在最右边（规则是固定的）。虚无主义坐在一个黑暗角落说“什么都不重要”，而斯多葛主义和存在主义靠向中心，提供了回应那种可怕想法的实际方法。在复习笔记里画出这个尺度，能帮你瞬间归档每一种“主义”。
7. Recognising Fallacies | 识别谬误
Philosophers not only construct arguments; they also hunt for mistakes in reasoning. Flaws in logic are called fallacies. Year 7 texts and exam papers will often ask you to spot the fallacy in a given example. Learning the most common fallacies and giving each a nickname makes detection fast and almost playful.
哲学家不仅构建论证，也搜寻推理中的错误。逻辑中的缺陷叫做谬误。七年级的教材和试卷常要求你在给定例子中找出谬误。学习最常见的谬误并为每个取个绰号，能让识别过程变得迅速且近乎游戏般有趣。
| English Fallacy & Definition | 中文谬误及定义 |
|---|---|
| Ad Hominem – attacking the person making the argument rather
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